RAID

Redundant Array Of Independent Disks

INTRODUCTION

Technology that allows high levels of storage reliability. As redundant array of inexpensive disks. Used as an umbrella term. The different schemes/architectures are named by the word RAID. RAID's various designs involve two key design goalsincrease data reliability and/or increase input/output

PRINCIPLES
Combines

two or more physical hard disks into a single logical unit using special hardware or software.
solutions are typically implemented in the operating system.
The purpose of using RAID is to improve reliability and availability of data. Important data is not harmed in case of hardware failure

Software

CONCEPTS:

There are three key concepts in RAID

Error correction

Striping

Mirroring

ORGANIZATION
RAID 0 RAID 1 RAID 3,4

RAID 5 RAID 6

RAID 10

RAID 01

RAID 0
Striped set without parity or mirroring. Provides improved performance and additional storage There is no redundancy. Not true RAID When data is written to a RAID 0 drive, the data is broken into fragments. Any disk failure destroys the array. RAID 0 does not implement error checking

RAID 1
Mirrored set without parity or striping. Provides fault tolerance from disk errors and failure of all but one of the drives Increased read performance occurs when using a multithreaded operating system. sometimes called duplexing.

RAID 2

Hamming code parity. Disks are synchronized and striped in very small stripes Hamming codes error correction is calculated

RAID 3
Striped set with dedicated parity or bit interleaved parity or byte level parity. This mechanism provides fault tolerance similar to RAID 5. For this to work properly, the drives must have synchronised rotation. If one drive fails, performance is not affected.

RAID 4
Block level parity Identical to RAID 3, but does blocklevel striping instead of byte-level striping In this setup, files can be distributed between multiple disks. Each disk operates independently Achivement of error detection.

NESTED (HYBRID) RAID

Many storage controllers allow RAID levels to be nested. The elements of a RAID may be either individual disks or RAIDs themselves.

RAID 0+1

RAID 5+1

RAID 1+0

RAID 5:
Striped set with distributed parity or interleave parit. Array is not destroyed by a single drive failure Recover drive failure. drive failure is masked from the end user. A single drive failure in the set will result in reduced performance

RAID 6
Striped set with dual distributed parity. Provides fault tolerance from two drive failures. large-capacity drives lengthen the time needed to recover from the failure of a single drive. the larger the drive, the longer the rebuild will take

PARITY CALCULATION
Parity data in a RAID environment is calculated using the Boolean XOR function. For example: Drive 1: 01101101 Drive 2: 11010100 . i.e. 01101101 XOR 11010100 = 10111001 The resulting parity data, 10111001, is then stored on Drive 3, the dedicated parity drive.

RAID IS NOT DATA BACKUP

A RAID system used as a main drive is not a replacement for backing up data. Data may become damaged or destroyed . RAID can also be overwhelmed by catastrophic failure. RAID is also vulnerable to controller failure.

RELIABILITY TERMS

Failure rate Mean time to data loss (MTTDL)

Mean time to recovery (MTTR)

Unrecoverable bit error rate (UBE) Write cache reliability Atomic write failure

PROBLEMS WITH RAID

Correlated failures Atomicity Write cache reliability Equipment compatibility Data recovery in the event of a failed array Drive error recovery algorithms Increasing recovery time

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