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Objectives
Phonemes, phone and allophones Minimal Pairs Phonotactics Syllables and clusters Phonological processes To observe how the same phones are organized differently among languages Solve Phonology problems/data sets
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Introduction
Phonetics investigation of the physical production of speech sounds. We looked at the articulatory mechanisms of the human vocal tract In physical terms, there are an infinite number of ways a word like me will be produced Individuals pronounce a particular word differently on every occasion
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Introduction
Differences in pronouncing a word? bad cold, tired, angry, regional/dialectal differences, size of person, etc. Phonology helps us consistently recognize the different versions of a word, e.g. me as the form [mi], and not [ni], [si], [ma], [mo]
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What is Phonology?
Phonetics and Phonology - both can be generally described as the study of speech sounds Phonetics specifically the study of how speech sounds are produced, what their physical properties are, and how theyre produced Phonology the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds; based on a theory of what every speaker of a language unconsciously knows about the sound patterns of that language
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Whats a phoneme?
The smallest unit by which one can distinguish one word from another (meaning-distinguishing units in a language), See Yule pages 30 and 34 for English phonemes. The psychological (abstract) representations or units of actual physical realizations of phonetic segments. A set of speech sounds that are identified by a native speaker as the same sound e.g. tar star eight writer
the [t] sounds in these examples make up a class of speech sounds that English speakers know as /t/
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Phonemes
Lets examine the [t] sound in the following: tar star eight writer
-We might think of these as being the same, but actually they are pronounced quite differently. -However, in the phonology of English, they would be represented in the same way /t/
- These articulation differences are important, but the distinction between [t] and, for example [c], [b], and [f] are more important because they distinguish meanings of words such as tar, car, bar, far. 8
Phonemes
Note: Phonetics - brackets [ ] are conventionally used to indicate a phonetic/physical segment. Phonology slashes / / are used to indicate an abstract segment An essential property of phonemes: function contrastively. e.g. In English /r/ and /m/ are phonemes because they are the only basis for contrast in words such as rowing and mowing . Contrastive property test: if substituting one sound for another will result in a change of meaning, then you have phonemes. Other examples?
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10
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The p in paper is normally pronounced with aspiration. That is, there is a release of a puff of air. The p in spill is normally not aspirated.
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in meaning. Therefore, they are different phonemes. In Chinese languages, Icelandic, Korean, Thai, and Ancient Greek, [p t k] and [p t k] are different phonemes.
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Hindi:
/ph/
/p/ phonemes
phoneme allophones
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Writing Conventions:
Allophone or Phoneme? 1. /p/ 2. // 4. [i] 5. /z/
3. [p]
6. [th]
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ASPIRATION: The period between the release of the closure of a consonant and the start of the vocal cord activity for the vowel that comes after it. This period is usually felt as a puff of air. pill [phl] spill [spl] till [thl] still [stl] kill [khl] skill [skl]
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Non-language Examples
Allophones
The human mind also ignores other physical/perceptibl e differences which are not relevant for particular purposes
phoneme
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Non-language Examples
Allophones
The human mind also ignores other physical/perceptibl e differences which are not relevant for particular purposes
phoneme
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Minimal Pairs
A minimal pair is a pair of words that: have different meanings
are pronounced the same except for one sound
Examples: [tek] vs. [tep] [tim] vs. [dim] [kapi] vs. [kaphi]
"take" vs. "tape "team" vs. "deem "copy" vs. "ample" (Hindi)
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Minimal Pairs
Do [l] and [r] belong to the same phoneme in English? Look for minimal pairs! [lif] "leaf [rif] "reef [lk] "lack [rk] "rack
Since we have minimal pairs that contain [l] and [r], we can say that [l] and [r] are contrastive. Thus they are separate phonemes and are are NOT allophones of the same phoneme. Phonemes /l/ /r/
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Minimal Pairs
Are [r] and [l] contrastive in other languages? Lets look at Korean, a language spoken in Korea
(some linguists classify it as a language isolate, others consider it an Altaic language).
Minimal pairs??
Minimal Pairs:
Korean [r] and [l]
In Korean, minimal pairs can never be found for [l] and [r]; these sounds do not occur in the same position in words. The dataset reveals that [r] occurs between two vowels but [l] occurs at the end of words. V___V _____# occurs between vowels occurs at the end of words
Thus, [l] and [r] are in complementary distribution in Korean. They are mutually exclusive. In the same context, you can never find both.
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Complementary Distribution
Superman and Clark Kent are different "physical realizations" of the cartoon character. When Clark Kent is present, Superman is NOT.
Remember: When sounds are in complementary distribution, they cannot be contrastive. The replacement of one sound for the other does not change the meaning of the word.
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[dime] [kaa]
[lao]
tell me each
side
[sweldo] [durar]
[toldo]
salary to last
curtain
[oio]
hatred
[falda]
skirt
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1) Are these allophones of one phoneme, or separate phonemes? No minimal pairs found so the phones [d] and [] are NOT contrastive. 2) They are found in different environments, and are thus said to be in complementary distribution. [d] occurs everywhere, while [] occurs intervocalically (V___V, in between vowels) 3) They are allophones of one phoneme so no minimal pairs were found.
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Dataset: Sindhi
Sindhi is an Indo-European language of the Indo-Aryan family, spoken in Pakistan and India.
Examine the distribution of the phones [p], [ph], and [b]. 1) Determine if the three are allophones of separate phonemes, or allophones of the same phoneme. 2) What is your evidence? 3) Is the relationship between the sounds the same as in English? Why or why not?
Sindhi [ pnu ] [ vu ] [ eki ] [ gdo ] [dru] [p h nu ] gloss leaf opportunity suspicious dull door hood of snake Sindhi [ tru ] [k h to] [bu] [bnu] [bu] [u] gloss bottom sour run forest be safe judge
In Sandhi and English, /p/ and /b/ are separate phonemes. In English, [p ph] are allophones of the same phoneme, but in Sindi theyre phonemes.
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Review: a comparison
English
[p p h ]
Hindi
Allophones of Allophones the same of different phoneme /p/ phonemes /p p h / Allophones of different phonemes /r l/ Allophones of different phonemes /d / allophones of the same phoneme /p/; /b/ Allophones of the same phoneme /l/ Allophones of the same phoneme /d/ Allophones of different phonemes /p p h b/
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[r l]
[d ]
[p p h b] [p p h ]
Phonotactics
the permitted arrangement of sounds
How do we know that lig and vig could be viewed as possible words in English?
Our phonological knowledge of the pattern of sounds in English words
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Phonotactics
Phonotactic constraints: restrictions on possible combinations of sounds, these constraints operate on a unit larger than the single segment/phoneme syllable Syllable structure: onset rhyme
Basic elements of the syllable: onset can be empty or have one or more consonants rhyme consists of the nucleus (a vowel or vowel-like sound) and coda (can be empty or have one or more consonants
nucleus
coda
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CV.CVC Ja.nice
nucleus coda
consonant(s) vowel consonant(s)
open closed
d n
s
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(open)
coda
consonant(s)
V V CV CV
I a be though
a e i o
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nucleus coda
consonant(s)
of
mug
vowel
consonant(s)
v g
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Nucleus Coda
C
CCVC step
p
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Nucleus Coda
C t V C C
CVCC tans
n s
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Nucleus Coda
C C
CCVCC plots
CCVCC smooths
C C
p l s m
a u
t s z
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Syllables
syllable
onset
nucleus consonant(s) V V
coda consonant(s)
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Syllables
syllable
(open) CVV go
onset
rhyme
nucleus consonant(s) V V
coda consonant(s)
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Syllables:
from
whistle
/ga: . li/
/pi: . toh/
/ga . li/
/pi . toh/ seven
ojiisan
tski
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
up (VC) hat (CVC) judge (CVC) eggs _____ and ______ beat ______
7. map _____ 8. spring _____ 9. slick _____ 10. stress _____ 11. can.dy _____ 12. brea.thy _______
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Languages generally prefer CV syllables, but some languages, like English, allow up to 3 consonants to start a word, as long as the first is /s/, the second /p/, /t/, or /k/, and the third /l/, //, /j/, /w/
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Co-articulation Effects
Co-articulation effects: the process of making one sound almost at the same time as the next sound
Assimilation
Assimilation: the process of making one sound (or gesture) to become more like a neighboring sound (or gesture) with respect to some phonetic property [], [], [], etc. in isolation, no nasal quality. But in a word in which its followed by a nasal, the vowel becomes nasalized (produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through nose as well as the mouth)
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Assimilation
[]
] [b n bin
[]
[ b n] ban
[]
[ b n ] bun
Phonological rule: Any vowel becomes nasalized in English whenever it is immediately followed by a nasal, /m n / The diacritic for nasalization in the IPA is a tilde [ ]. This is another example of narrow transcription. What was the other example we looked at?
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Assimilation
I can go [aj kn go ] [ajk go ]
The influence of the velar sound /g/ causes the alveolar nasal /n/ to assimilate, become like, into a nasal. Thus, in rapid speech, you hear the velar nasal //
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Elision
Elision (deletion): the process of not pronouncing a sound segment (consonant, vowel, or whole syllable) that might be present in careful pronunciation
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