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Description
Supporting Material
Objectives
1. Describe the theory, construction, and applications of boilers 2. Describe the common type of boilers 3. Explain how to assess the performance and efficiency of a boiler 4. Describe methods to improve boiler efficiency 5.List energy efficiency opportunities
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Objectives
Introduction
What is a Boiler?
Vessel that heats water to become hot water or steam At atmospheric pressure water volume increases 1,600 times
Introduction
STEAM TO PROCESS
EXHAUST GAS VENT
STACK
DEAERATOR
PUMPS
ECONOMIZER
VENT
BOILER
BURNER WATER SOURCE
FUEL
BRINE CHEMICAL FEED SOFTENERS
Introduction
Type of boilers
Assessment of a boiler Energy efficiency opportunities
Types of Boilers
What Type of Boilers Are There?
1. Fire Tube Boiler
2. Water Tube Boiler 3. Packaged Boiler 4. Fluidized Bed (FBC) Boiler 5. Stoker Fired Boiler 6. Pulverized Fuel Boiler 7. Waste Heat Boiler
Type of Boilers
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(Your Dictionary.com)
Oil Burner
Features High heat transfer Faster evaporation Good convective heat transfer Good combustion efficiency High thermal efficiency
Classified based on number of passes
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Type of Boilers
4. Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Boiler
Particles (e.g. sand) are suspended in high velocity air stream: bubbling fluidized bed
Combustion at 840 950 C Fuels: coal, washery rejects, rice husk, bagasse and agricultural wastes
Benefits: compactness, fuel flexibility, higher combustion efficiency, reduced SOx & NOx
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Tangential firing
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Operation: Unit 1 - January 1983/Unit 2 - December 1984 Fuel: Low-sulfur coal mined near Gillette, Wyoming Capability: 1,678 megawatts
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Introduction
Type of boilers
Boiler Assesment Energy efficiency opportunities
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Boiler Assessment
1. Boiler
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Stack Gas
FUEL INPUT
STEAM OUTPUT
Blow Down
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73.8 %
Heat in Steam
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Assessment of a Boiler
2. Boiler Blow Down
Controls total dissolved solids (TDS) in the water that is boiled Blows off water and replaces it with feed water
Continuous
Ensures constant TDS and steam purity Heat lost can be recovered Common in high-pressure boilers
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Efficient heat transfer only if boiler water is free from deposit-forming solids
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Assessment of a Boiler
Boiler Feed Water Treatment
Deposit control To avoid efficiency losses and reduced heat transfer Hardness salts of calcium and magnesium
Alkaline hardness: removed by boiling Non-alkaline: difficult to remove
Assessment of a Boiler
Boiler Feed Water Treatment
Internal water treatment
Chemicals added to boiler to prevent scale Different chemicals for different water types Conditions:
Assessment of a Boiler
Boiler Feed Water Treatment
External water treatment:
Removal of suspended/dissolved solids and dissolved gases
a) Ion exchange
b) Demineralization c) De-aeration
d) Reverse osmoses
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Causes:
Air shortage, fuel surplus, poor fuel distribution
Poor mixing of fuel and air
Oil-fired boiler:
Improper viscosity, worn tops, cabonization on dips, deterioration of diffusers or spinner plates
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