Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
CHAPTER 6
Outline
I. Concepts affecting cultural solidarity
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Culture Cultural Relativism Racial Ethnicity Prejudice Racism Discrimination Patterns of Majority and Minority Interaction
A. Culture
Every human society has its own particular culture ad that only man has a culture Two ways of looking culture: Ethnocentrism
Is the practice of judging another culture using the standards of ones own culture.
Xenocentrism
Is the idea that what is foreign is best and that ones lifestyles, products or ideas are inferior to that of others.
Situational ethics Elements of situation ethics 1. Moral judgments are decisions, not conclusions Decisions ought to be made situationally, not prescriptively We should seek the well-being of people, rather than love principles. 2. Only one thing is intrinsically good, namely, love: nothing else Love, in this context, means desiring and acting to promote the well being of people Nothing is inherently good or evil, except love (personal concern) and its opposite, indifference or actual malice The ultimate norm of Christian decisions is love: nothing else 3. Love and justice are the same, for justice is love distributed Love and justice both require acts of will Love and justice are not properties of actions, they are things that people either do or don't do Love and justice are essentially the same
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/situation_1.shtml
C. Racial Ethinicity
Ethnicity is about the learned cultural behaviors celebrated throughout regions around the world. Ethnicity can be altered or mimicked through choice and beliefs. Race is an indication of the heritage with which you were born, regardless of location or learned behavior. Race cannot be altered.
http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-ethnicity-and-race/
C. Racial Ethinicity
Ethnic Strifes escalates to full-fledged war Effects of ethnicity:
Divides humanity, fuels anger and provokes animosity Sets human being apart of cultural color and heritage Establishes racial or ethnic minority category of people Share distinctive identity and subordinated
Background of Movie
Monty Python were a British surreal comedy group that created Monty Python's Flying Circus, a British television comedy sketch show that first aired on the BBC on 5 October 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over four series.
Prejudice is
rigid and irrational generalization about the entire category of people directed towards individual or particular social class, sex, secual orientation, political, age affiliation, race or ethnicity. can be positive or negative
Origin: Latin praejudicium prae = 'in advance' judicium = 'judgement' praejudicium preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience Pronunciation: /prdds/
Types of Prejudice
1. Scapegoat Theory
Prejudice springs from frustration Scapegoat is a person with little power who is unfairly blamed for the trouble of others. Minorities are safe targets.
Description
When problems occur, people do not like to blame themselves.They will thus actively seek scapegoats onto whom we can displace our aggression. These may be out-group individuals or even entire groups. Like bullies, we will often pick on powerless people who cannot easily resist. Scapegoating increases when people are frustrated and seeking an outlet for their anger. Once cast as a scapegoat it can be difficult to shake off the classification.
http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/scapegoat_theory.htm
Examples
British People attribute the nation's trouble to the presence of Indian and Pakistan Nationals Jews had been the scapegoat for many people and groups up until the holocaust of World War II. In some communities they are still are used as scapegoats.
http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/scapegoat_theory.htm
They piloted and developed a questionnaire, which they called the F-scale (F for fascism). Adorno argued that deepseated personality traits predisposed some individuals to be highly sensitive to totalitarian and antidemocratic ideas and therefore were prone to be highly prejudicial.
The evidence they gave to support this conclusion included: Case studies, e.g. Nazis, Psychometric testing (use of the F-scale) Clinical interviews revealed situational aspects of their childhood, such as the fact that they had been brought up by very strict parents or guardians, which were found of participants who scored highly on the F-scale not always found in the backgrounds of low scorers.
Those with an authoritarian personality are: 1. Hostile to those who are of inferior status, but obedient of people with high status 2. Fairly rigid in their opinions and beliefs 3. Conventional, upholding traditional values Adorno concluded that people with authoritarian personalities where likely to categories people into us and them groups, seeing their own group as superior.
According to Adorno's theory, the elements of the Authoritarian personality type are: Blind allegiance to conventional beliefs about right and wrong Respect for submission to acknowledged authority Belief in aggression toward those who do not subscribe to conventional thinking, or who are different A negative view of people in general - i.e. the belief that people would all lie, cheat or steal if given the opportunity
3. Cultural Theory
certain measure of prejudice is embedded in cultural values feeling of social superiority of people towards their values Example: For the whiteman, he always tells the truth and the black man lies Orientalism by Edward Said
4. Conflict Theory uses the ideology of prejudice to justify oppression of minority Example Spanish Immigrants in the US are considered denigrates to justify their low wages pogrom and holocaust
5. Stereotypes prejudices concerning some category of people Example The poor are considered lazy and irresponsible The black americans lack motivations to improve their lives
Saying that all African Americans are good at sports is a stereotype, because its grouping the race together to indicate that everyone of that race is a good athlete.
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/stereotype-examples.html
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/stereotype-examples.html
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/stereotype-examples.html
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/stereotype-examples.html
Sexual Stereotypes
Sexual stereotypes, on the other hand, suggest that any feminine man is gay and any masculine woman is a lesbian.
Documentary on Prejudice.flv
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/stereotype-examples.html
Individual Racism
happens within the individual or small group. Example:
Relationship of white American to black American
Institutional Racism
Occurs within the institutions such as schools, hospitals, police work and work place. Example:
A black American named Rodney King was beaten by the police officer in LA
F. Discrimination
Distinguish others by exposing their differences Treating people unequally Prejudice is having a pre-judgement Prejudice refers to attitude while Discrimination refers to actions. Example
The Aetas were discriminated by the lowlanders by means of beating them or making fun of them.
US far from being pluralistic, most people appreciate their cultural heritage, only a small proportion wants their race to set them apart. There exists tolerance of social diversity but it has limits Ex. People living in poor areas are being discriminated because of poverty Successful pluralism is found in Switzerland- 6 million people consisting of Germans, French, Italians etc recognize and appreciate their own language and culture
Racial segregation is rigid and persuasive Created by the European Minority, it favors and enforces the use of brutal force. Before its abolition between 1950-60, US racial segregation was very evident
Ex. Every public accommodations, hotels, restaurants, parks, buses, drinking fountains, comfort rooms enforced segregation
Blend of East and West. (We are colonized by Spaniards and Americans for 333 and 48 years respectively)
One historian claimed that the Filipinos have been held for 300 years by the convent, 50 years by Hollywood and 3 years by Kempeitai
Racial Stock
Negritos- 10% Indonesian- 30% Malay-40% Chinese-10% India-8% European-American-3% Arab-2%
Political History -Philippines (first nation to achieve independence by revolution) June 12, 1898-Date of Independence (Cavite II el Viejo (now Kawit), Cavite, Philippines.) Benigno Noynoy Aquino Jr. 15th President of the Philippine Republic
Our culture is a combination of Asian, Europeans, Latin and American. Filipinos are known to easily adjust to the culture presented to them. As Filipinos, we should be proud of our own culture and respect others culture as well.
Filipino education for cultural solidarity must remind politically influential or majority groups to re-examine their biases and stereotypes of disadvantaged or oppressed communities. Non-violent strategies for change
People can only live fully by helping others to live. When you give life to friends you truly live. Cultures can only realize their further richness by honoring other traditions. And only by respecting natural life can humanity continue to exist. - Daisaku Ikeda, Japanese Peace Activist
Ganzon, Jesse Nicole Francisco, Venus Ara Galang, Nicole Ashley Gatpolintan, Mariel T. Lapiz, John Christopher Leongson, Racquel Mariano, Kathleen Mae