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Heart Diagram
Cardiac muscle
Thick and thin filaments like skeletal muscle organized in sarcomeres Have more mitochondria Larger T tubules Same mechanism of contraction
Cardiac muscle
Found in the heart Involuntary rhythmic contraction Branched, striated fibre with single nucleus and intercalated discs
Heart Wall
Three layers of tissue
Epicardium: This serous membrane of smooth outer surface of heart Myocardium: Middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for heart contracting Endocardium: Smooth inner surface of heart chambers
Valve function:
Cardiac Muscle
Found only in heart Striated Each cell usually has one nucleus Has intercalated disks and gap junctions Autorhythmic cells Action potentials of longer duration and longer refractory period Ca2+ regulates contraction
Cardiac Muscle
Elongated, branching cells containing 1-2 centrally located nuclei Contains actin and myosin myofilaments Intercalated disks: Specialized cell-cell contacts Desmosomes hold cells together and gap junctions allow action potentials Electrically, cardiac muscle behaves as single unit
Intercalated disks
Cardiac myocytes are however interconnected by intercalated discs Intercalated disks are areas of low electrical resistance because they have gap junctions that permit the flow of ions between cells. Cardiac myocytes function as one mass (functional syncytium) , i.e. stimulation of one cell can lead to excitation and contraction of the whole mass of cells. (compare to skeletal muscle where the cells are discrete and electrically isolated from each other).
AP-contraction relationship:
AP in skeletal muscle is very short-lived
AP is basically over before an increase in muscle tension can be measured.
Refractory Period
cell cant respond to another stimulus, b/c of charge, ion distribution, etc. Absolute refractory = cant re-stimulate Relative refractory = needs gtr. stimulus Cardiac m. refractory period is much longer than in skeletal m. Cardiac m. contraction occurs during AP, within refractory period summation is not possible Importance? Prevents re-stimulation of fibers Heart in tetany cannot pump blood
Refractory period absolute relative
Cardiac Cycle
Heart is two pumps that work together, right and left half Repetitive contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of heart chambers Blood moves through circulatory system from areas of higher to lower pressure.
Contraction of heart produces the pressure
Pressure relationships:
Pacemaker potential:
EKG:
Muscle Control
Type of muscle
Skeletal Skeletal Cardiac
Nervous control
Controlled by CNS Regulated by ANS
Type of control
Voluntary
Example
Lifting a glass
Smooth
Controlled by ANS
Sympathetic stimulation
Supplied by cardiac nerves, increases heart rate and force of contraction, epinephrine and norepinephrine released
Cardiac Arrhythmias
Tachycardia: Heart rate in excess of 100bpm Bradycardia: Heart rate less than 60 bpm Sinus arrhythmia: Heart rate varies 5% during respiratory cycle and up to 30% during deep respiration Premature atrial contractions: Occasional shortened intervals between one contraction and succeeding, frequently occurs in healthy people