Liquid Bio fuels

INTRODUCTION
BIOFUELS fuels made from biomass residues. Biomass can be converted into various nonsolid fuel forms. The aim of the conversion process is to improve the quality, specific energy content, transportability of the raw biomass source.

Terence Rivera 5che-A

LIQUID BIOFUELS
are fuels derived from biomass and processed to produce a combustible liquid fuel. There are two main categories:
alcohol fuels - these include ethanol and methanol vegetable oils - derived from plant seeds, such as sunflower, sesame, linseed and oilseed rape.

Terence Rivera 5che-A

ALCOHOL FUELS
Ethanol - is the most widely used liquid biofuel. - It is an alcohol and is fermented from sugars, starches or from cellulosic biomass. Most commercial production of ethanol is from sugarcane or sugar beet, as starches and cellulosic biomass usually require expensive pretreatment. - Today, most U.S. ethanol production is based in the large grain growing states of the Midwest, where about 13 million cubic meters (400 million bushels) of corn and other starch crops are used to produce approximately 3.8 billion liters (1 billion gallons) of ethanol annually.
Terence Rivera 5che-A

Ethanol
THE PROCESS
a pretreatment process is used to reduce the feedstock size, break down the hemicellulose to sugars, and open up the structure of the cellulose component.
The cellulose portion is broken down (hydrolyzed) by enzymes (cellulases/ hemicellulases) into glucose sugar that is fermented to ethanol. The sugars from the hemicellulose are also fermented to ethanol. The lignin is burned as fuel to power the process.

Terence Rivera 5che-A

PROCESS

Terence Rivera 5che-A

ALCOHOL FUELS
Methanol - is produced by a process of chemical conversion. - It can be produced from any biomass with a moisture content of less than 60%; potential feedstocks include forest and agricultural residues, wood and various energy crops. - The resource includes crop residues, forage crops (grasses), forest residues, short-rotation tree crops, and more than half of the municipal solid waste and industrial waste streams.
Terence Rivera 5che-A

METHANOL
THE PROCESS
Methanol can be produced from biomass through a thermochemical process known as gasification. The biomass is subjected to elevated temperatures and pressures (in some processes) to form a synthesis gas (syngas). The syngas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) is conditioned to remove impurities such as tars and methane, and to adjust the hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio to 2:l. The syngas is then reacted over a catalyst at elevated temperatures and pressures to form methanol.
Terence Rivera 5che-A

process

Terence Rivera 5che-A

Vegetable oils
Vegetable oils - A further method of extracting energy from biomass is the production of vegetable oils as a fuel known as biodiesel. -The process of oil extraction is carried out the same way as for extraction of edible oil from plants. There are many crops grown in rural areas of the developing world which are suitable for oil production sunflower, coconut, cotton seed, palm, rapeseed, soy bean, peanut, hemp and more. Sunflower oil, for example, has an energy content about 85% that of diesel fuel.
Terence Rivera 5che-A

VEGETABLE oil EXTRACTION

There are two well-established technologies for oil extraction: The simple screw press, which is a device for physically extracting the oil from the plant - this technology is well suited to small-scale production of oil as fuel or as foodstuff in rural areas. The press can be motorized or hand-operated. Solvent extraction is a chemical process which requires large, sophisticated equipment. This method is more efficient -that is, it extracts a greater percentage of the oil from the plant - but is less suited to rural applications.
Terence Rivera 5che-A

Vegetable oils
The oil, as well as being used for lighting and heating, can be used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. The vegetable oil is converted to a useable fuel by adding ethanol or methanol alcohol along with a catalyst to improve the reaction. Small amounts of potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide (commonly called lye or caustic soda, which is used in soapmaking) are used as the catalyst material. Glycerine separates out as the reaction takes place and sinks to the bottom of the container. This removes the component that gums up the engine so that a standard diesel engine can be used.
Terence Rivera 5che-A

GLOBAL AND LOCAL PRICE

LALAINE MAE F. ACACIO 5CHE-A

Factors that affect Biofuel Price

*Feedstock Cost for raw materials including fat/oil, methanol, catalyst, filter aid and yield adjustment.

Refining Cost of manufacturing biofuel.

Distribution Cost to deliver fuel, maintain equipment, and administer transactions. Taxes Federal and state taxes applied to biofuel.
Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

BIOETHANOL

Source: World Watch Institute (2006)

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

 The production of Bioethanol can be observed to double from 1975 to 2006.

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

Source: World Watch Institute

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

 USA is the top producer of ethanol with use of corn as their raw material.

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

USA

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

EUROPEAN UNION

BRAZIL

Source: World Watch Institute (2006)

Price of petroleum based fuel in major biofuel producing countries, per energy equivalent litre Bioethanol Gasoline Biodiesel Diesel

US European Union

0.72 1.40

0.90 2.18

1.0 1.12

0.94 2.12

Brazil

0.54

1.38

1.04

0.80

Source: World Watch Institute (2006)

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

Importers and Exporters of Ethanol in Asia Pacific

Source: World Watch Institute (2006)

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

Source: World Watch Institute (2006)

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

IN THE PHILIPPINES

(around 28-32 pesos) per liter

San Carlos BioEnergy, Inc.(sugarcane)

o Emerald Avenue, F. C. Ledesma Avenue, San Carlos City, Negros Occidental o Capacity: 40 million litres

Leyte Agri Corp. (sugar cane)

o AA Compound, Bgy. Ipil, Ormoc City o Capacity: 9 million litres

Roxol BioEnergy Corp. (sugarcane)

o Bgy. Roberto S. Benedicto, La Carlota City Negro Occidental, Philippines o Capacity: 30 million litres

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

BIODIESEL

Source: World Watch Institute (2006)

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

 The production of Biodiesel can be observed to increase sixfold from 1991 to 2006.

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

Source: World Watch Institute (2006)

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

GERMANY
RAPESEED

MALAYSIA

USA
SOYBEAN

PALM SEED

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

Price of petroleum based fuel in major biofuel producing countries, per energy equivalent litre

Bioethanol

Gasoline

Biodiesel

Diesel

US European Union

0.72 1.40

0.90 2.18

1.0 1.12

0.94 2.12

Brazil

0.54

1.38

1.04

0.80

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

Source: World Watch Institute (2006)

Source: World Watch Institute (2006)

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

 China is the top producer of rapeseed worldwide but they used it not as raw material for their biodiesel but for their products.

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

IN THE PHILIPPINES

JATROPHA SEED

COCONUT

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

 The two major raw materials for the production of biodiesel in the Philippines are cocomethylester from coconut and jatropha seeds.

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

IN THE PHILIPPINES (around 40 to 42 pesos per

liter)

o o

Chemrez Technologies (CME)

65 Industria Street Bagumbayan, Quezon City Capacity: 60 million litres

Senbel Fine Chemicals Inc. (CME)

- Muntinlupa City - Capacity: 60 million litres

Bio Energy 8 corp. (CME)

Sasa, Davao City Capacity: 1800 MT/month

Bionas Philippines (Jatropha)

Ahlan Drive, Talon-Talon Zamboanga City

Lalaine Mae Acacio 5che-A

Fuel Characteristics Important to Boiler Type and Operation

Jo-Anna De Leon and Kenneth Castillo 5che-A

 Liquid biofuels are made from vegetable oils and animal fats that can provide a high-quality source of renewable fuel for use in central heating system boilers.

Jo-Anna De Leon 5che-A

 Liquid biofuels include pure plant oil, biodiesel, and bioethanol. Liquid biofuels can be used on boilers in whole or blended with fossil fuels.

Jo-Anna De Leon 5che-A

 Boilers used to generate process steam require a lowcost, low-quality fuel. High-quality liquid fuels or electricity are uneconomical and inefficient for use as boiler fuel
For boilers, biofuel is typically used as either a B5 blend of 5% biodiesel and 95% petroleum diesel, or a B20 blend of 20% biodiesel and 80% petroleum diesel. Biodiesel can be blended with any type of heating oil, including #2 for residential boilers, #6 for industrial boilers, and ultra low sulfur heating oil.
Jo-Anna De Leon 5che-A

 Liquid biofuels reduce soot and slag build up on boiler tubes, which improves heat transfer efficiency, maintenance and operating costs.
Liquid biofuel such as biodiesel has better lubricating properties than petroleum diesel. As a result, it may increase engine life and reduce wear and tear on burners in oil-fired boilers and furnaces.

Jo-Anna De Leon 5che-A

 Liquid biofuel has a higher flashpoint than mineral diesel. It is also readily biodegradable and non toxic, which makes it a safer and more environmentally friendly fuel to handle, particularly in sensitive areas. Liquid Biofuel is made from renewable resources, which means it reduces the contribution of carbon dioxide (one of the main greenhouse gases) to the atmosphere.

Jo-Anna De Leon 5che-A

 Liquid biofuel reduce exhaust emissions and is naturally free of sulfur and so produces no sulfur dioxide, considered to be one of the main precursors to acid rain.
Emissions testings have shown that the use of B20 biodiesel in a boiler can reduce PM (Particulate Matter) emissions by 20%, as well as decrease Nox (Nitrogen oxides) emissions by up to 20%. NOx tends to decrease because the combustion process is different (open flame for boilers)

Jo-Anna De Leon 5che-A

 PM testing showed that particulate emissions were directly and primarily dependent on the sulfur content and ash constituents, such as iron, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, aluminium, magnesium and sodium. (Brookhaven National Laboratory)

Jo-Anna De Leon 5che-A

 Pour point (the temperature below which the fuel will not pour) is an important parameter for using boilers as heating fuel. For B20 biodiesel, the pour point is 0F (-18C), and for 100% biodiesel (B100), the pour point is 32F (0C).

Biofuel has a higher gelling point. As a result, to be usable in the furnace during cold weather conditions, the fuel needs to remain above the gelling point (38F to 50F) so that it flows well. If fuel storage tanks are outside and above ground, fuel protection against gelling is important.
Kenneth Castillo 5che-A

 Liquid Biofuel is less bulky to store than biomass wood chips or pellets It often suit commercial heating application where space is limited. It efficiently deliver output up to 10000 KW They can be used in individual or multiple configurations They are more usually grown in the region where they are consumed, so transport costs and risk are minimized.
Kenneth Castillo 5che-A

 B100 bio fuel has the following characteristics

Carbon monoxide lower than 20 ppm Nox from 100mg/kWh down to 40 mg/kWh(depending on boiler ) There is virtually no lead, no toxic compounds such as benzene toluene and xylene and particulate matter (soot) Have pleasant smell

Kenneth Castillo 5che-A

 Efficiency, depending on outside combustion air temperature, varies from 80% up to at least 97% GCV, depending on the boiler type Maximum flow temperature is 90C and minimum return temperature is 20C

Kenneth Castillo 5che-A

Calorific Values
METHANOL 21.2 MJ/ Kg ETHANOL 15.6 MJ/ Kg BIODIESEL 32.8 MJ/Kg

Joana Delector 5che-A

Expected Combustion By Products

Joana Delector 5che-A

Combustion by products CARBON DIOXIDE SOx NOx

Joana Delector 5che-A

Expected combustion by products.

1. Carbon dioxide Carbon benefits Avoidance of CO2-e emisions from production practises; using bio-diesel instead of fossil diesel Co-benefits Production and use of biodiesel feedstock for own use Using by-product (oilcake) for animal feed Using canola as a break-crop for weed control Security of supply: avoiding peak oil which could limit or interrupt supply Rural development, job creation, and support to agriculture
Joana Delector 5che-A

The sustainable use of biofuel as a replacement for fossil fuels presents a major opportunity for farmers to assist in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions (GGHE) mainly carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O).

Joana Delector 5che-A

Environmental Impacts
Greenhouse gas reductions Reducing of air pollution Biodegradability Higher combustion efficiency Improved land and water use Carbon sequestration

Joana Delector 5che-A

Economic impacts
Fuel diversity sustainability Increasing number of rural manufacturing jobs Increased income taxes Increased investment in plant and equipment Agricultural development International competitiveness Reducing the dependency on imported petroleum
Joana Delector 5che-A

Method of Introduction of Liquid Biofuel with Air to a Boiler

Leandro F. Almodal 5che-A

How the Fuel Works

Stable combustion conditions requires the right amounts of fuels and oxygen.

Therefore, more air than ideal must be supplied to burn all fuel completely. The amount of air more than the theoretical requirement is referred to as excess air.
Leandro F. Almodal 5che-A

How the Fuel Works

Leandro F. Almodal 5che-A

Power plant boilers normally run about 10 to 20 percent excess air. The fuel is mixed with air and ignited. The correct amount of air is key to ensuring complete combustion. Open Flame Combustion. A pre-heater and heated boiler tank similar to those used to burn heavy oil is required to burn biofuel.

The flame from the burner, and the resultant combustion gases escape into the boiler, transferring their heat to the water circulating through the heat exchanger within the boiler.

Leandro F. Almodal 5che-A

Liquid Biofuel boilers

The fuel is atomized in to a fine spray by forcing it under pressure through a nozzle. The air is forced to mix with the fuel through a fan. This mixed spray is ignited by an electric spark It will combust in the blast tube to heat the boiler

Leandro F. Almodal 5che-A

Switching to a biofuel

Leandro F. Almodal 5che-A

Blends of up to 20% biodiesel (mixed with petroleum diesel fuels) can be used in nearly all diesel engines, boilers and generators, and are compatible with most storage and distribution equipment. These low level blends (20% and less) don't require any engine/equipment modifications and can provide the same payload capacity Leandro F. Almodal and range as diesel.
5che-A

Pure biodiesel (B100) has a solvent effect, which may release deposits accumulated on tank walls and pipes from previous diesel fuel use. This release of deposits may clog filters initially and filters should be replaced after the first 24 hours of biodiesel use. Biodiesel can be used in central heating oil boilers with a simple burner nozzle change.
Leandro F. Almodal 5che-A

a B20 blend can also improve equipment maintenance and air quality Higher biodiesel blends and pure biodiesel (B100) may also be used in heating oil furnaces and boilers, but your system will require fine-tuning and perhaps some new components. Over time, B100 can degrade fuel-wetted parts containing natural rubber.
Leandro F. Almodal 5che-A

MARIANNE SOPHIA BAYLON 5CHE-A

 The cellulose is broken down(hydrolyzed) by enzymes (cellulases/ hemicellulases) into glucose sugar that is fermented to ethanol vegetable oil is converted to a useable fuel by adding ethanol or methanol alcohol along with a catalyst to improve the reaction Common catalysts used: potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide (commonly called lye or caustic soda, which is used in soap-making) are used

 screw press - for physical extraction of the oil from the plant Solvent extraction is a chemical process which requires large, sophisticated equipment. This method extracts a greater percentage of the oil from the plant

Solvent Extraction
is a process which involves extracting oil from oilbearing materials by treating it with a low boiler solvent as opposed to extracting the oils by mechanical pressing methods (such as expellers, hydraulic presses, etc.) recovers almost all the oils and leaves behind only 0.5% to 0.7% residual oil in the raw material. In the case of mechanical pressing the residual oil left in the oil cake may be anywhere from 6% to 14%

First Generation liquid biofuels

Generally produced from sugars, grains or seeds Requires a relatively simple process to produce the finished fuel product Most well-known: bioethanol made from fermenting sugar extracted from crop plants and starch; Used as a replacement for lead as a cleaner burning octane enhancer

Second generation liquid biofuels

Thermochemical
Pyrolysis More capital intensive Final product is clean

Third generation liquid biofuels

Specifically derived from microbes and microalgae Viable alternative energy resource that is devoid of the drawbacks associated with the first and second-generation biofuels

VIDEO BY WILLIAM SY

Thank you for listening!