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Outline
Background Knowledge
◦ Definition of special terms
◦ Example of SaO2
◦ Respiration
◦ Range of heart rate
◦ Transportation of oxygen – the blood
◦ Hemoglobin
◦ Arterial blood versus venous blood
Background Knowledge
Definition of special terms (Medical)
SO2 Oxygen saturation
Artery + Venous
SaO2 Arterial oxygen saturation
95 – 98%
SvO2Venous oxygen saturation
60 – 80%
SpO2 Pulse oxygen saturation
Arterial oxygen saturation
Pulse oximeter used
Background Knowledge
Example of SaO2
Each hemoglobin is able to carry 4 oxygen
molecules
As a result, when there are 100 hemoglobin,
a total number of 400 oxygen molecules can
be carried
When the number of oxygen carried = 380
then SaO2 = 380/400 * 100% = 95%
Background Knowledge
Respiration
Respiration = the process of gas exchange
◦ Takes oxygen in and carbon-dioxide out
Two levels of respiration
◦ Internal respiration (cellular respiration)
The use of O2 by our cells
CO2 is the waste product
◦ External respiration (ventilation)
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the atmosphere
and body tissues
Background Knowledge
Range of heart rate (per minute)
Elderly : 55 - 60
Young people : 70 – 90
Below 8-year-old : 80 – 140
◦ 4–7 years old : 80 – 100
◦ 2-3 years old : 100 – 120
◦ 1-year-old : 110 – 130
◦ Neonate : 120 - 140
Background Knowledge
Transportation of oxygen – the blood
White blood cell (minority)
Red blood cell (majority)
◦ Hemoglobin
Related illness – hypoxia
◦ Malfunction of hemoglobin
Carry other elements other than oxygen in artery
system
◦ Detection using SaO2 measurement
Background Knowledge
Hemoglobin
SO2
◦ SaO2 : 95-98%
◦ SvO2 : 60-80%