Cell Communication

Modules 21 and 22

Todays Agenda
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25 minute lecture on Cell communication LISTEN only Small group work to fill in notes and ask questions Class discussion and Review Concept Map In class quiz

Cell Communication

Signal: agent which influences a property of the cell Receptor: protein which recognizes signal and begin the cellular response Why do cells need to respond to signals??

Glucose as a signal in yeast

How are signals transferred?

1.Direct Intercellular Signaling: via cell junctions from cytosol to cytosol. Ex. Gap junctions 2.Contact-dependent Signaling: signal molecule is membrane-bound 3.Autocrine Signaling: cell secretes molecules that bind to its OWN surface and neighboring cells of same type

4. Paracrine Signaling: secreted signal affects only target cells in close proximity. Ex. Synapses
5.Endocrine Signaling: long distance via vascular system. Hormones

3 Stages of Cell signaling 1.Receptor Activation

signal binds to receptor
2.Signal Transduction

activated receptor stimulates sequence of reactions: signal transduction pathway

3.Cellular Response

Can: alter activity of enzymes, alter protein structure and function, or change gene expression by regulating transcription factors

How to ligands Bind?

Specific, reversible, rapidly: ligand-receptor complex

Cell Surface Receptors

Receptors found in Plasma Membrane

3 categories
1.Ligand-gated ion channels

2.Enzyme-Linked receptors
3.G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Animal, Plant and fungal cells Ligand Binds-receptor channel opens to allow flow of ions through membrane Important in nervous system

Can allow Ca+ into cytosol-important for signal transduction

EX. Acetylcholine Na+ channel

Enzyme-linked receptors Found in all living species

Extracelluar domain: binds to signal and causes conformational change Intracellular domain: catalytic function Most function as protein kinases

phosphorylate AAs of proteins EX. Tyrosine Kinase: phosphorylate tyrosine thus changing structure of protein. Most abundant type

Can mediate direct effects on cytoskeleton

animation of RTKs

Phosphorylation of Proteins

Phosphorylation changes proteins shape and electrostatic contours. Phosphorylation is done by KINASES and often activates the proteins. PHOSPHATASES dephosphorylate proteins

Receptor Tyrosine receptor tyrosine kinase Kinases

recognize various signaling molecules including hormones called growth factors

stimulate cell growth or division. Ex. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)

Receptor Activation results in

1.relay proteins activate protein kinase cascade 2.PKC phosphorylates transcription factors 3.activated transcription factors stimulate gene

G-Protein Coupled GPCRs: lipid-anchored, Eukaryotic, primarily in animals Receptors

7 transmembrane segments Interact with G-proteins which bind to GTP and GDP

guanosine tri (di) phosphate

Once ligand is bound, G-protein releases GDP and binds to GTP. GTP binding causes dissociation into a subunit and / dimer. subunit activates adenylyl cyclase-makes cAMP from ATP cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA) which has regulatory and catalytic subunits. cAMP binds to regulatory subunits allowing the catalytic units to phosphorylate proteins and transcription factors

GPCR
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GPCR animation

GPCR signal transduction

First Messenger: molecules that bind to surface receptor

Second Messenger: small molecules/ions that relay signal in cell: short duration

EX: cAMP, Ca+, diacyglycerol (DAG), inositol triphosphate (IP) cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphatesynthesized from ATP when activated protein/GTP subunit binds to adenylyl cyclase in Plasma membrane.

cell response to Epinephrine- results in glycogen breakdown and prevention of glycogen synthesis resulting in more glucose for use by muscles- FIGHT or FLIGHT animation

nG-Protein

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Advantages of cAMP
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1. Signal amplification
Binding of signal to single receptor can cause the synthesis of many cAMP that activate PKA, each PKA can phosphorylate many proteins

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2. Speed
In one experiment a substantial amount of cAMP was made within 20 seconds after addition of signal

Intracellular Receptors

receptors found INSIDE the cell

cytoplasm or inside organelles (ex. aldosterone)

receptors for steroid hormones: estrogen and androgens Intracellular receptors

Cross-talk between receptors

The receptor types are capable of activating each other via signal transduction pathways. GPCR can activate receptor tyrosine kinases and begin the MAP kinase cascade

http://www.cellsignal.com/reference/pathway/M APK_G_Protein.html
Applications of Concept:

activation of glycine receptor

Group work How does the cell communicate? How does distance
determine method? provide an example Explain what a ligand is and how it binds to a receptor? What types of cell surface receptors are there? How do they differ? How are they similar?

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What is a kinase? A phosphatase? What role do they play in cell communication?

Describe how each receptor type works to mediate a cell response What are second messengers? Why are they used, what are their advantages?

Ligand
Enzyme linked receptor
Conformational change in receptor

GPCR

Ligand gated Ion channel

Conformational change in receptor

Conformational change in receptor opening of ion channel

Kinase activity of receptor

Release of GDP by Gprotein and uptake of GTP

dissociation of subunit of G protein subunit binds to Adenyl cyclase

phosphorylation of transcription factors

Cell response

Cell response

activation of protein cAMP kinases Cell response

Post Lecture Quiz

module 22 quiz