Lecture 07

Wireless Internet Applications & Architecture
CSC1720 Introduction to Internet Essential Materials

Based on Wireless Internet App. and Arch. 2002 Mark Beaulieu.
Outline
Introduction: From Wired to Wireless Wireless Devices

Web Phones, Handhelds, Pagers,
Wireless Networks
WAN, LAN, PAN
How do they work? Wireless Internet Architectures

2G, 2.5G, 3G, 4G, Bluetooth, IR, Satellites?
Wireless Internet Applications The Future of Wireless Technology

2 All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.
CSC1720 Introduction to Internet
Introduction
The wireless Internet is the network of radio-connected devices and servers using voice, information and other Internet services. Two billion wireless mobile users will exist by the year 2010. Almost every Internet service is being made ready for the wireless Internet.
Wireless History
First wireless experiments

1888: Heinrich Hertz spark generator 1894: Guglielmo Marconi Ring a bell 30 ft away
Broadcast radio 1920 Photographs transmitted by radio 1924 Mobile Radio to Police Cars 1926 Broadcast Television 1936, Color 1950 Satellite Systems for Telephony 1962 Cordless Telephones 1980 Pagers (widely used) 1985,
Wireless History
Heinrich Hertz
Guglielmo Marconi
Hardware Perspective The Equipments / devices
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the following devices?
Web Phone Handheld Pager Voice Portal Web PC Appliance
All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.
Web Phones & Handhelds
Web Phones
It is a modified cell phone with display hardware and Internet access software. Japanese use color I-mode phones. Europeans use WAP phones for messaging.
Handhelds / PDA
It is a small computer with OS, storage, screen, keyboard and wireless connection interfaces (IrDA infrared) or Bluetooth (Short-range radio) With wireless modem, we can sync over the air.
Pagers & Voice Portals
Pagers
A small wireless device that uses paging networks to send and receive data. Paging belongs to messaging applications. Pagers are ideal as cheap and low-power.
Voice Portals
A natural voice interface that runs on a server to give you a dialog. Listen your speech, calculate a reply, synthesis a response.
Web PCs & Appliance
Web PCs
PC and even laptop are poor mobile devices, need to put near a power supply. Table PC, lightweight, easy to hand over.
Appliance
iAppliances stand for Internet appliances refer to specialized gadget designed as a single application. Webpad, WebTV,
Wireless Spectrum
Left: long, low-power, low-energy waves
10
1G
2G
Cellular Spectrum
CSC1720 Introduction to Internet 11 All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.
Spectrum Allocation History

MHz 5.15 5.35 2400 2483 2400 2483 1850 1990 806 902 512 806 54 216 88 108 Spectrum Use 802.11a Bluetooth (802.15) homeRF PCS cell phone AMPS cell phone UHF TV VHF TV FM Radio Time 2002 2001 2000 1996 1980 1949 1941 1935
0.535 1.6 to Internet CSC1720 Introduction
AM Radio 12
1921
AM & FM Radio
Two different methods to represent 1 & 0.
demo
13
Architecture Perspective Wireless Networks
WAN Wide Area Network

Ranged up to 2500 meters, GSM, GPRS,
LAN Local Area Network

Ranged up to 100 meters, 802.11b,
PAN Personal Area Network

Low-power, short-range network Ranged up to 10 meters Bluetooth, IR,
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Personal Area Network

1-20 Mbps
Local Area Network

11-54 Mbps
Wide Area Network

9-144 Kbps
Three Wireless Internets

WAN Topology
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LAN Topology
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PAN Topology
Wireless PAN module
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Wide Area Networks

WAN
800 to 1900 MHz 9600 kbps 2500 meters
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LAN & PAN

LAN
2.4 GHz 11 Mbps 100 meters
PAN
2.4 GHz 700 Kbps 10 meters
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Wireless data rates

Wireless data rate 9.6 kbps 14.4 kbps 19.2 kbps 128 kbps Wireless device Web phones Pagers, Web phones Pagers Handhelds
11 Mbps
Handhelds using wireless LAN
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Informative Perspective How wireless works?
Including Wireless network and Wired network
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Cellular Tower Grids
Towers Power the Mobile Spectrum
23
Putting up Towers
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Antennas
Omni-directional antennas
The signal can be radiated out in all directions
Yagi antennas
Provides a fairly focused beam
Parabolic antennas
The most powerful we can buy
Dipole antennas
Use to increase range indoors
Antennas figures
26
Cellular handoff
Handoff is the process of automatically passing the call from one transmitter to the next.
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Wireless Standards
IEEE 802.11 (Wireless LAN, a family) IEEE 802.11a (5 GHz band) IEEE 802.11b (the most common one) IEEE 802.11g (Fast) Bluetooth HomeRF Infra-Red (IR)
IEEE 802.11b standard

Transmit and receive data at 11Mbps. Include all the network overheads Theoretically, real throughput: 7Mbps. 802.11b supports five speeds:
11M, 5.5M, 2M, 1M and 512k
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Wi-Fi Standard
Same as IEEE 802.11b Transmission rate: 11 Mbps Bandwidth: 2.4 GHz Coverage: 300 m Support devices: 25 Any advantage & disadvantage?
30
IEEE 802.11a
IEEE 802.11a supports 54 Mbps

Bandwidth 5 GHz Incompatible with Wi-Fi devices Expensive devices
31
IEEE 802.11g
IEEE 802.11g also supports 54 Mbps

Use 2.4 GHz Much cheaper than IEEE 802.11a devices Apple computers also support IEEE 802.11g
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Speed / Distance
Speed Outdoor Indoor
54Mbps
18Mbps 11Mbps 1Mbps
50m
150m 180m 570m
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20m
75m 125m 125m
Wireless network connection
34
Bluetooth
It is a low-cost, low-power, short-range radio link for mobile devices and for WAN/LAN access points. Both voice and data communications at about 70 kbps.
35
HomeRF
The network can accommodate a maximum of 127 nodes.
36
Infrared Technology
It is a popular way for handhelds to exchange data, typically range of 2M. They are often used to manually exchange information using strictly a point-to-point connection. IrDA v1.0 transmits data at 115 kbps. IrDA v1.1 transmits data at 4 Mbps.
37
Wireless Interference at 2.4 GHz

Wireless LAN 2.4 GHz Protocols IEEE 802.11b Speed Use 11 Mbps Office or campus LAN HomeRF Table 14 (99) Bluetooth 30 to 700 kbps Personal Area Network 10 meters Narrowband frequency hopping
1, 2, 10 Mbps
Home office, house and yard 50 meters Wideband frequency hopping
100 meters Range Frequency Direct sequence spread spectrum sharing
Backers URL
Cisco, Lucent, 3Com, Apple, Apple, Compaq, Dell, Motorola, Ericsson, Motorola, Intel, Proxim, HomeRF Working Nokia, Bluetooth Special Intel, WECA Consortium Group Interest Group
www.wirelessethernet.com www.homerf.org www.bluetooth.com
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Break Time 10 minutes
39
Focus on the 3G Network Evolution

1G
TDMA & GSM Time Division Multiple Access & Groupe Speciale Mobile 1990s callers timeshare a frequency channel: nine users use 3 channels
40
2G
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access 1980s each calling party is allocated a dedicated frequency channel: 3 users use three channels
CDMA & WCDMA Code Division Multiple Access & Wide CDMA 1990s callers use a shorter bandwidth 2000s Each call is spread, randomly broken down and mixed: ten callers use one channel.
3G
1G, 2G, 3G Networks
1G
Circuit-switched, analog signals, Voice only
2G
Circuit-switched, digital signals, voice or data overlay, 9 kbps or 19 kbps
2.5G - GPRS, why it is called 2.5G? 3G

Packet-switched, Transparent roaming, 2Mbps, Identification of caller location
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Cellular Family Tree

1G introduced by AT&T in 1983, only analog cellular telephony. 2G introduced in 1987 in Europe. Three primary wireless standards:
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
2.5G supports faster wireless data services, GSM extensions. 3G & 4G provide wider bandwidth and higher data rates for mobile users.
Bandwidth & Time
43
Frequency Divided Multiple Access

(Used in analog and digital systems)
Time Divided Multiple Access

(Used in digital systems, FDMA is a foundation)
Code Divided Multiple Access

(All Users talk on the SAME frequency. Digital codes divide the conversations)
3G
Wireless Generations
47
Forrester 12/1999
3G Air Interfaces
W-CDMA CDMA-MC TDMA CDMA-TDD FDD-TDMA
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1.25 MHz CDMA2000 1xEV

up to 2.4 Mbps
5 MHz DATA up to 2.0 Mbps
1.25 MHz
1.25 MHz DATA
14.4 kbps
1.25 MHz DATA

Up to 307 kbps
DATA
Up to 115 kbps
VOICE 95A cdmaOne
VOICE 95B
INCREASED VOICE CAPACITY
VOICE WCDMA / CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1x/ 1xEV
A B
A B 1x/
1xEV
A B 1x/
World 1xEV Phone
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
CDMA Present and Future

3G Spectrum in different Countries
50
Using Satellites
GEO Geosynchronous Earth Orbiting

Its orbital speed equals the earths rotation. Coverage: 35,785 km
MEO Medium Earth Orbiting

Is not popular as GEO and LEO. Coverage: 10,000 km
LEO - Low Earth Orbiting (1,000 km)

Minimal delay, small, easy to launch
GEO, MEO, LEO
52
Application Perspective i-mode Story
The most popular wireless data service on Earth is i-mode, developed by DoCoMo formed in 1992 by NTT. The no. of subscribers increases at the rate of 50,000 new users per day. Why success?
Constant connection Viable national technology Enclave Microbilling economy Quality Handsets Mature commercial infrastructure
Worldwide Wireless Application Forecast
Source:ARC Group 2001

Short Message Service SMS
A messaging service supported by cell phones that allows short text messages to be sent between mobile devices. All GSM phones support SMS, but not all CDMA or TDMA cell phones support yet. SMS teaches consumers to use wireless devices for non-voice services. SMS loses value as latency increases
How to reduce the latency? Ans: SMSC
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
GPRS is a the first available 2.5G packet-switched standard. It is the first packet data service on wireless digital networks. GPRS will be the backbone of GSM and TDMA networks for wireless data packet communications. It can transfer data at 115 kbps.
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
WAP is an application protocol for cell phones.
57
Microbrowser Markup Languages for devices
HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

The original web page
XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

A Universal web page
HDML (Handheld Dynamic ML) WML (Wireless Markup Language) cHTML (Compact HTML)
It was developed by Access Japan for i-mode.
XHTML (eXtensible HTML)

The Next Web Page
Wireless Internet Application
Messaging
Use web phone to send SMS messages.
Browsing
Use wireless devices to read cHTML, WML, HDML and XHTML web sites.
Interacting
Use interactive applications for the client devices, such as wireless games.
Conversing
Use Voice portal for information delivery, such as Tellme to get information from the voice gateway.
Summary
Devices Web Phone Handheld Pager Voice Portal Web PC Communicating appliances
Networks WAN LAN PAN
Applicatons Messaging Web Browsing Interacting Conversing
60
Wireless flaws?
Encrypted password
Restricted aces by MAC address
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Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
Disable WEP
Enable WEP
What is the difference?

The future of Wireless
Faster and compatible: 802.11g

Use the 2.4GHz band and reach 54Mbps
Low price of wireless networking equipment community networks

Public good or Theft of services?
Many other extensions

802.11e, 802.11i, 802.11h 802.15.1-2002 (Bluetooth-like)
63
References
Wireless Internet Applications and Architecture Mark Beaulieu Wireless Internet Crash Course Roman Kikta et al. The wireless networking starter kit Adam and Glenn Wi-Fi The End. Thank you for your patience!

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Wireless Internet Applications & Architecture

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet Essential Materials

Introduction: From Wired to Wireless Wireless Devices

How do they work? Wireless Internet Architectures

Wireless Internet Applications The Future of Wireless Technology

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

First wireless experiments

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

Hardware Perspective The Equipments / devices

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

Web Phones & Handhelds

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

Pagers & Voice Portals

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

Web PCs & Appliance

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

Left: long, low-power, low-energy waves

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

Spectrum Allocation History

0.535 1.6 to Internet CSC1720 Introduction

Two different methods to represent 1 & 0.

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

Architecture Perspective Wireless Networks

WAN Wide Area Network

LAN Local Area Network

PAN Personal Area Network

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

Personal Area Network

Local Area Network

Wide Area Network

Three Wireless Internets

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

Wireless PAN module

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

Wide Area Networks

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

LAN & PAN

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

Wireless data rates

Handhelds using wireless LAN

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

Informative Perspective How wireless works?

Including Wireless network and Wired network

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet

All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.

Cellular Tower Grids

Towers Power the Mobile Spectrum

CSC1720 Introduction to Internet