INTRODUCTION

The cell is the basic unit of life. Biologist learned about cellular structure by using light and electron microscope.

ANIMAL CELL

PLANT CELL

LYSOSOMES
MITOCHONDRIA

NUCLEUS

ENDOPLASMA RETICULUM
CELL MEMBRANE GOLGI APPARATUS

VACUOLE

CHLOROPLAST

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Also known as the cell membrane A thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell A selective permeable or semi-permeable Is made up of two lipid layers Separates a cell from its external environment Holds the cell content together Controls the exchange of molecules between the cell and its external environment

CELL WALL

Is a rigid cellulose layer surrounding the plasma membrane of plant cells Permeable to all fluids because it has tiny pores that allow substance to move freely into and out of the cell Provides support and protection for the cell Protects the plant cell from rupturing due to the excessive intake of water

CYTOPLASM
Refers to region between the nucleus and plasma membrane A continuous aqueous solution containing organelles (except nucleus), salts, dissolved gases, nutrients, enzymes and other organic molecules Gives shapes to the cell Provides a medium for all cellular biochemical reactions Provides substance obtained from the external environment to the organelles

NUCLEUS
Nuclear membrane

An organelle bounded by the nuclear membrane (two layers), containing a nucleolus, chromosomes, and nucleoplasm Controls all the cells activities Separate the genetic material (chromosomes) from the cytoplasm Chromosomes carry genetic in its DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

VACUOLE

A small cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell, bound a single and semi permeable membrane (tonoplast) The fluid contained in the vacuole called cell sap Its contains water, organic acids, sugars, amino acids, mineral salts, waste substances, pigments and metabolic by product Generally for storage, digestion and waste removal Central vacuole in plant cell for storage and cell expansion Food vacuoles in amoeba for phagocytosis

MITHOCHONDRIA

A small spherical or cylindrical-shaped organelles Has two membranes; an inner membrane and an outer membrane Forms the cells powerhouse Produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is an energy source for the cell

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Connected to the nuclear membrane Exists as Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum) Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its surface Smooth ER does not have ribosomes attach to its surface Rough ER synthesises and transports proteins made by ribosomes Smooth ER synthesises and transports lipids

RIBOSOMES
Are compact spherical organelles found in large numbers in all cells Are either attached to the ER or occur freely in the cytoplasm Consists of two sub-units, one small and one large Are small protein factories for protein synthesis Use information carried by the chromosomes to make these proteins

GOLGI APPARATUS
The Golgi complex is distribution and shipping of cell's chemical products.
It modifies proteins and fats built in endoplasmic reticulum and prepares them for export to outside of cell.

LYSOSOMES

Membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes (hydrolytic enzymes) Digest or break down complex organic molecules such as proteins, lipids, polysaccharides and nucleic acids Also eliminate worn out mitochondria and other damaged organelles to enable a cell to renew itself Lysosomes also digest bacteria by breaking down the bacteria cell wall

CENTRIOLES

Are paired cylindrical organelles just outside the nucleus Lie at right angles to each other Each centriole consists of nine tubes, each tubes with three tubules Are found only in animal cells Involved in cell division (mitosis and meiosis) Migrate to opposite poles of the cell (during cell division) Produce spindle to assist the movements of chromosomes

CHLOROPLAST

Lens shaped organelles Have an inner and outer membrane Contain the green pigment (chlorophyll) in the granum/ grana Chlorophyll traps sunlight and converts light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis

A cell can be thought as a factory, with different department each performing specialized task

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ANIMAL CELLS AND PLANT CELLS

ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

Both has; nucleus, cytoplasm, mithochondrion, ribosome, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMAL CELLS AND PLANT CELLS

ANIMAL CELL Generally smaller Do not have fixed shape Absent Usually not present FEATURE SIZE SHAPE CELL WALL VACUOLE PLANT CELL Generally larger Fixed and regular shaped Thick, hard cellulose Present

Absent
Present Glycogen

CHLOROPLAST
CENTRIOLE FOOD STORAGE

present
Absent Starch

THE DENSITY OF ORGANELLES IN SPECIFIC CELLS

The density of an organelle refers to the total number of that particular organelle within the cell Some cells have high densities of certain organelles Each organelles in a cell carries out a specific function Like organelles, cells are specialised in their respective functions

For a cell to perform its specialised function well, it needs high densities of certain organelles to coordinate and carry out that specialised function For example, cells that are specialised in producing enzymes generally have more endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes to synthesise proteins, and many mitochondria to supply enough energy for its activities

Types of cell

Functions

Organelles found abundantly or which occur in high density

Sperm cells

Require energy to propel through the uterus towards the Fallopian tubes, so that fertilsation can take place Contract and relax to enable movement and flight

Muscle cell, for example flight muscle cells in insects and birds Meristematic cell

Mitochondria

Require large amount of energy during active cell division to produce new cells

Palisade mesophyll cells

Absorb sunlight during photosynthesis

Chloroplast

Pancreatic cells

Synthesis and secrete enzymes and hormones

Cells in the salivary glands

Synthesise and secrete enzymes

Rough endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus

Intestinal and stomach epithelium

Secrete digestive enzymes

Liver cells

Carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification of drugs and poisons

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Cells in the root cap

Secrete a slimy lubricant that helps the movement of roots between soils particles

Golgi apparatus

CELL ORGANISATION

Unicellular organisms are single-cell organisms capable of carrying out the following basic life processes: Feeding Reproduction Respiration Excretion Locomotion Sensitivity Grow

LIVING PROCESS IN UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS

Amoeba sp

General features
Free-living in freshwater environments as well as in soil water Has irregular shape Its plasma membrane encloses the cytoplasm; the outer layer (ectoplasm) and the inner layer (endoplasm) Other cellular structures are a nucleus, food vacuoles and a contractile vacuoles

LOCOMOTION
It moves by flowing its cytoplasm forward,

forming a pseudopodium that helps it to

move forward slowly

A pseudopodium means a false foot

This is also known as the amoeboid movement

Is an holozoic and eats algae, bacteria, plant cells and other microscopic organism It feeds by engulfing tiny food particles with its pseudopodia, forming a bubble-like food vacuole to contain the food The food vacuoles fuses with the lysosome and the food is digested by a hydrolytic enzyme called lysozyme. The resulting nutrient are absorbed into the cytoplasm Indigestible material is expelled This is called phagocytosis

FEEDING

Water continually moves into the amoeba by osmosis To prevent the organism from bursting, the contractile vacuole collects all the excess water When the vacuoles is full, it expel the water outside the cell The exchange of gases, nutrients and waste substance occur through the plasma membrane by diffusion

OSMOREGULATION

REPRODUCTION
An amoeba sp reproduces asexually by; binary fission and formation of spores Binary fission takes place (in favourable conditions and sufficient food supply) by mitotic division of a single parent cell Formation of spores; Its takes place when the conditions are dry and there is insufficient food

CELL SPECIALIZATION IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS ORGANISM SYSTEMS ORGANS

TISSUES
CELLS

CELL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

CELLS
Are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms May serve a specific function within the organism Examples : Red blood cells transport oxygen Nerve cells transmit nerve impulses

TISSUE
Made up of cells which are similar in structure and function and all are working together to perform a specific activity Can be classified into four main types; Epithelial tissue Muscle tissue Connective tissue Nerve tissue

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
It is made up of cells closely packed and ranged in one or more layers. Epithelial tissue covers the whole surface of the body (skin and mouth area) and inner linings of cavities (digestive tract and lung) Some undergo changes to form exocrine and endocrine glands Function ; protective barrier against infections, mechanical injuries and dehydration (skin)

Simple squamous epithelium

Epithelial tissue at the lining of lungs, body cavities, heart and blood vessels

Stratified epithelium

Epithelial tissue at the surface of the skin and lining of the mouth and esophagus

Simple cuboidal epithelium Epithelial tissue at the lining kidney tubules, glands and ducts

Simple columnar epithelium Epithelial at the lining of the small intestine

Ciliated columnar epithelium

Epithelial tissue at the lining of the trachea

Muscle tissue
Muscles can be divided into three main groups according to their structure, e.g.: Are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms Smooth muscle tissue (intestine, blood vessels, urinary, reproductive tract) Skeletal muscle tissue (arms and legs) Cardiac muscle tissue (walls of the heart)

Nerve tissue

Composed of neurons or nerve cells Each neurons consists of cell body and nerve fibres called dendrites and axons Specialised to detect stimuli and transmit electric signals called nerve impulse to muscles or glands Nerve tissues control and coordinate activity of the body

Connective tissue
Consists of various types of cell and fibers separated by an extracellular matrix Loose connective tissue (binds epithelia to underlying tissue and holds organ in place) Dense fibrous connective tissue (can be found in tendons and ligaments)

Cartilage A strong and flexible connective tissue The skeletons of sharks and human embryos are composed of cartilage. Provides flexible support for certain structures in adult humans including the nose, trachea and ears.

Adipose A form of loose connective tissue that stores fat.

Blood Produced in the bone marrow, located at the end of long bones Has regulating, transporting and protective functions

Bone Consists of cells embedded in a matrix of collagen which are hardened by mineral deposits such as calcium. Provides protection to organ and support body

TISSUE Epithelial tissue

Simple squamous epithelium Stratified epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium

Muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue

Nerve tissue

Connective tissue
Loose connective tissue Dense fibrous connective tissue
Cartilage Bones

Skeletal muscle tissue

Simple columnar epithelium Ciliated columnar epithelium

Cardiac muscle tissue

Blood Adipose tissue

ORGANS
Made up of two or more types of tissues that work together to perform a particular function Some organs perform than one function Examples: The heart pumps blood around in the body The stomach digests food The kidney get rid of waste substances and control the amount of water in body

SKIN

SYSTEM
Are group of two organs or more that work together to perform a specific function for the organism

NERVOUS SYSTEM

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM

CELL ORGANISATION IN PLANT

PLANT TISSUE

MERISTEMIC TISSUE

PERMANENT TISSUE

GROUND TISSUE

EPIDERMAL TISSUE

VASCULAR TISSUE

XYLEM PARENCHYMA TISSUE COLLENCHYMA TISSUE

PHLOEM

SCHELRENCHYMA TISSUE

ORGANS AND SYSTEMS IN PLANTS

Leaf, stem, root and flower are some example of organs in plant Flowering plant consists of two main system; Root system (all the root of the plant) Shoot system (stems, leaves, buds, flowers and fruits)

REGULATING THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

Internal environment the interstitial fluid and blood plasma Interstitial fluid- fills the space between the cells and constantly bathes the cells Exchanges the nutrients and waste substance with the blood plasma contained in blood capillaries

FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

Physical factors Temperature Blood pressure Osmotic pressure Chemical factors Salt Sugar content PH value

HOMEOSTASIS
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment for the cells to function optimally In a homeostatic control, there must be a mechanism thats consists of a; Stimulus which is a change in the internal environment Receptor to detect the stimulus Corrective mechanism to bring about a negative feedback

BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL

Blood sugar level rises

Pancreas secretes insulin

Blood sugar level falls Normal Sugar Level

Normal Sugar Level

Blood sugar level falls

Pancreas secretes glucagon

Blood sugar level rises

MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
Consists of small cell which have thin walls, large nuclei, dense cytoplasm and no vacuoles Young actively dividing cells which have not undergo differentiation Located at the tips of roots and buds of shoots

PERMENANT TISSUE
Mature tissue that have undergone differentiation or are still undergoing differentiation

EPIDERMAL TISSUE
The outermost layer Covers the stems, leaves and root of young plants Most epidermal cells are flat and have large vacuoles Cuticle is a cell which are exposed to the air which are covered with a waxy waterproof coating Minimises water loss, protects from mechanical injury and prevents invasion of diseases

PARENCHYMA TISSUE
Least specialised Found in all the organs of a plant Thin primary walls and large vacuoles Store sugar and starch Give support and shaped to herbaceous plants (turgid)

COLLENCHYMA TISSUE
Have unevenly thickness cell wall Support non-woody (herbaceous) plant, young stems and petioles

SCLERENCHYMA TISSUE
Have cell walls which are uniformly thickened by lignin and may be dead Give support and mechanical strength to mature regions of a plant

XYLEM
Consists mainly of xylem vessels joined together end to end (from the roots right up to the leaves) Transport water and dissolved mineral salts from the roots to another parts of the plant

PHLOEM
Consists of sieve tubes which are arranged end to end to form long continuous tube-like structure Transport organic compound (new synthesised carbohydrates and amino acids) from leaves to other part of plants