Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Susanta Sen
Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics
University of Calcutta
MOS Transistor
Depletion Inversion
ID VG
Vt
VDS
Channel Pinches off → Current Saturates
Vo
0V
t
Transferring Logic ‘0’ (0 V):
0V VDD
Vo
Weak ‘0’
0V Vt
t
08/09/09 NERIST 2009 8
CMOS Logic
• Use n-MOS to produce Logic ‘0’ → Pull DOWN
• Use p-MOS to produce Logic ‘1’ → Pull UP
C F = C and (A and B)
A B
Switches in Parallel
A
C F = C and (A or B)
B
08/09/09 NERIST 2009 10
Using n-MOS Switch
Constraint : C = ‘0’
Series Connection
C = ‘0’ F = ‘0’ and (A . B) = A nand B
A B
Parallel Connection
A
A B
Parallel Connection
A
A A B
B
F
F
A
A B
B
Pull Up
F
B C
A
Design the
Pull Down
Network
Pull Up
f = [A . (B + C)] is true F
B C
A
Design the
Pull Down
Connect Ground
Network first
IL
Edrawn= VDD∫ILdt = VDDCL∫dVo = CLVDD2
Vo
P-MOS On
N-MOS
∴ Estored (in CL)= ½CLVDD2
08/09/09 Off NERIST 2009 18
Dynamic Dissipation (1 → 0)
ID
V VG
DD
ID
RL V VDS
VDD DD
VO
Vi
VO
(=VG)
Vi
VDD
ID
VDD VDS
VO
VDD
Vi
VO
Vi
ID
VB
VO
Vi
VDS
VDD
VDD
VO
Vi
ID
Vi VO VDDVDS
VDD
VO
Gate Bias of PMOS changes with
Input Voltage
Vi VDD
VOL
ViL ViH
Vi
RL iO ID+ id
Q id = gmvi
Vi + vi VO+ vo
VDS
VQ VDD
Gain = vo/vi = - gm RL
vo = - gmvi RL
ID
VDS
Ao = vo / vi = – gm / go = gm ro
08/09/09 NERIST 2009 29
The Equivalent Circuit
D • The 3 terminals
• Current source dependent on
G input voltage → (gmvGS)
• Current source dependent on its
S on
terminal voltage→→rOg=Ov1/g
outputvoltage DS O
G D
gmvGS rgOO=vDS
1/gO
S
08/09/09 NERIST 2009 30
The Transistor Parameters: gm & go
In saturation
ID = (k'/2)(W/L)(VG – VT)2
where, k' = µ Cox and VT = VT0 – αVsb ,
VT0 is the threshold voltage without substrate bias and
α is the parameter that accounts for the effect of
substrate bias Vsb.
2
Let VG – VT = VGT → ID = (k'/2)(W/L) VGT
∴ gO = (∂ID/∂VDS) ≈ λ ID = λ' ID /L
Defining, λ' = λL = (∆L/VDS)
→ A technology dependent
parameter
Also, at VDS = – 1/λ = – VA → ID = 0
VA → Early voltage
gO = ID /VA
AO = – (2L/λ' VGT)
So the AC Gain
1 – sCgd / gm
A1 = vO/vi = – gm rO
1 + srO (Cgd + CO)
08/09/09 NERIST 2009 36
Bandwidth
1 – sCgd / gm
A1 = – gm rO
1 + srO (Cgd + CO)
Gain (dB)
BW GBW
Frequency
Q1 Q2
IO (W/L)2
Iref = (W/L)1
Q5 Q4
Iref IO
I2 I1
Q1 Q2
Q3
• Interconnect Technology
Line delay limits circuit speed
Optical interconnect → Silicon Photonics
• Device Physics
Quantum Size Effect
Ballistic Transport
Develop New Models