Welcome to the world of networking

CISCO Certification System

2004 - iPMAC Informatics Technology J.S.C

Cisco Career Certification

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Cisco Career Tracks

CCDA CCDP CCNA CCNP CCSP CCIP (Cisco Certified Internetwork Professional) .........
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Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert

CCIE Certification - Routing & Switching**

CCIE Certification - Security**

CCIE Certification - Service Provider** CCIE Certification Storage** CCIE Certification - Voice**

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Cisco Qualified Specialist

CQS- Cisco Access Routing & LAN Switching Sales Specialist CQS- Cisco Access Routing & LAN Switching Specialist CQS- Cisco Multiservice Switching Specialist CQS- Cisco Network Management Sales Specialist CQS- Cisco Network Management Specialist CQS- Cisco Optical Specialist CQS- Cisco Storage Networking Design Specialist CQS- Cisco Storage Networking Sales Specialist CQS- Cisco Storage Networking Support Specialist CQS- Cisco Unity Design Specialist CQS- Cisco Unity Support Specialist CQS- Cisco VPN/Security Sales Specialist CQS- Cisco VPN Specialist CQS- Cisco Wireless LAN Design Specialist CQS- Cisco Wireless LAN Support Specialist CQS- Cisco Wireless LAN Sales Specialist

CQS- Cisco Cable Communications Sales Specialist

CQS- Cisco Cable Communications Specialist CQS- Cisco Call Manager Express Specialist CQS- Cisco Content Networking Sales Specialist CQS- Cisco Content Networking Specialist CQS- Cisco Firewall Specialist CQS- Cisco IDS Specialist CQS- Cisco IP Telephony Design Specialist CQS- Cisco IP Telephony Express Specialist CQS- Cisco IP Telephony Operations Specialist CQS- Cisco IP Telephony Support Specialist

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THE OSI MODEL

GENERAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

2004 - iPMAC Informatics Technology J.S.C

Networking History
Standalone Device.
Duplication of equipments and resources. Inability to communicate efficiently. Lack of networking management.

LAN.
Connects devices that are close together.

WAN.
Interconnects LANs across a large area.

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Communication characteristics
Addresses
What are the source and the destination of a communication process?

Media
Where does the communication take place?

Protocols
How to make the communication process effectively?

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Protocol
Protocol is a set of rules, or an agreement, that determines the format and transmission of data that make communication on a network more efficient.

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Communication process
Packets

Protocols Source Address Destination Address

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Medium

Communication: Human conversation

Address
Hello Mr.A, I am B

Media
Atmosphere

Protocol
Language Speed Handshaking

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Data Communication
Address
Source address, Destination address

Media
Cable, Fiber, Atmosphere

Protocol
Format Procedure

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LAN Media: Coaxial Cable

10Base2 10Base5

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LAN Media: UTP & STP

10BaseT 100BaseTX

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LAN Media: Fiber Optic

100BaseFX 1000BaseLX

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OSI MODEL

2004 - iPMAC Informatics Technology J.S.C

Evolution of networking standards

SNA

Standard
Interconnection Development Simplification

Proprietary

TCP/IP

DECNET
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OSI model development

Researched and developed by the ISO - International
Organization for Standardizations (or International Standards Organizations )

1977: establish a subcommittee to develop a communications architecture. 1984: publish ISO-7498, the Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model.

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OSI model
The OSI model: a framework within which networking standards can be developed.
It provided vendors with a set of standards that ensured

greater compatibility and interoperability between the various types of network technologies that were produced by the many companies around the world.

Proprietary vs. Open

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A layered model
The communications functions are partitioned into a hierarchical set of layers. Each layer performs a related subset of the functions required to communicate. Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform more primitive functions and provides services to the next higher layer. The OSI Model defines a set of layers and the services

performed by each layer

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Why a layered model?

Reduces complexity. Standardizes interfaces. Facilitates modular engineering. Ensures interoperable technology. Accelerates evolution. Simplifies teaching and learning.

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7 layers of the OSI reference model

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The physical layer

Transmission of an unstructured bit stream over a physical link between end systems.
Electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional specifications Physical data rate Distances Physical connector

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The data-link layer

Provides for the reliable transfer of data cross a physical link.
Frames Physical address Network topology Line discipline Synchronization Error control Flow control

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The network layer

Provides connectivity and path selection between two host systems that may be located on geographically separated networks.
Packets Virtual circuits Route, routing table, routing protocol Logical address Fragmentation

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The transport layer

Provides reliable, transparent transfer of data over networks.
Segments, data stream, datagram Connection oriented and connectionless End-to-end flow control Error detection and recovery Segmentation & reassembly

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The session layer

Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between two communicating hosts.
Sessions Dialog Conversations Data exchange

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The presentation layer

Ensures that the information that the application layer of one system sends out is readable by the application layer of another system.
Format of data Data structure Data conversion Data compression Data encryption

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The application layer

Is the OSI layer that is closest to the user; it provides network services to the users applications.
File transfer Electronic mail Terminal access Word processing Intended communication partners

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Encapsulation example: Air-mail

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Encapsulation example: E-mail

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Encapsulation

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Layer-to-layer communications

Provide services
Request services

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Peer-to-peer communications

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Protocols
Is a formal set of rules and conventions that governs how computers exchange information over a network medium. Implements the functions of one or more of the OSI layers. A communication protocol is concerned with exchanging data between two peer layers. Protocol Data Units (PDUs) : Block of data that a protocol exchange.

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TCP/IP MODEL

2004 - iPMAC Informatics Technology J.S.C

TCP/IP model development

The late-60s The Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA) originally developed Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) to interconnect various defense department computer networks. The Internet, an International Wide Area Network, uses TCP/IP to connect networks across the world.

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4 layers of the TCP/IP model

Layer Layer Layer Layer 4: 3: 2: 1: Application Transport Internet Network access

It is important to note that some of the layers in the TCP/IP model have the same name as layers in the OSI model. Do not confuse the layers of the two models.
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The network access layer

Concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to actually make the physical link. All the details in the OSI physical and data link layers.
Electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional specifications. Data rate, Distances, Physical connector. Frames, physical addressing. Synchronization, flow control, error control.

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The internet layer

Send source packets from any network on the internetwork and have them arrive at the destination independent of the path and networks they took to get there.
Packets, Logical addressing. Internet Protocol (IP). Route , routing table, routing protocol.

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The transport layer

The transport layer deals with the quality-of-service issues of reliability, flow control, and error correction.
Segments, data stream, datagram. Connection oriented and connectionless. Transmission control protocol (TCP). User datagram protocol (UDP). End-to-end flow control. Error detection and recovery.

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The application layer

Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control. The TCP/IP combines all application-related issues into one layer, and assures this data is properly packaged for the next layer.
FTP, HTTP, SMNP, DNS ... Format of data, data structure, encode Dialog control, session management

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TCP/IP protocol stack

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Comparing TCP/IP with OSI

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Comparing TCP/IP with OSI (cont.)

Similarities:
Both have layers. Both have application layers, though they include very different services. Both have comparable transport and network layers Networking professionals need to know both.

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Comparing TCP/IP with OSI (cont.)

Differences:
TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer issues into its application layer. TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into one layer. TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers. Typically networks aren't built on the OSI protocol, even though the OSI model is used as a guide.

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Focus of the CCNA curriculum

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Requirements for Internet connection

A physical connection is made by connecting a specialized expansion card such as a modem or a network interface card (NIC) from a computer (PC) to a network. The logical connection uses standards called protocols. The application that interprets the data and displays the information in an understandable form is the last part of the connection. Web browser File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
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Network interface card

When selecting a NIC, consider the following factors: Protocols Ethernet, Token Ring, or FDDI Types of media Twisted-pair, coaxial, wireless, or fiber-optic Type of system bus PCI or ISA
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NIC and modem installation

A modem, or modulatordemodulator, is a device that provides the computer with connectivity to a telephone line. PCMCIA wired and wireless NICs. Desktop systems may use an internal or external NIC.

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Overview of high-speed and dial-up connectivity

Inevitably the high-speed services used in the corporate environment, such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable modem access, moved to the consumer market. These services no longer required expensive equipment or a second phone line. These are "always on" services that provide instant access and do not require a connection to be established for each session. This gives greater reliability and flexibility, and has led to the ease of Internet connection sharing by small office and home networks.
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TCP/IP description and configuration

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a set of protocols or rules developed to allow cooperating computers to share resources across a network.

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TCP/IP description and configuration

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TCP/IP description and configuration

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Verify IP Configuration: Win 9x

1 2

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Verify IP Configuration: Win XP, NT, 2000

ipconfig ipconfig /all

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Verify IP Configuration: MAC OS

From the Apple menu, open your Control Panel, and select the TCP/IP option. (older MacOS versions use the MacTCP control panel.) Click on the "Info" button in the TCP/IP configuration dialog. The configuration dialog shown to the right will be displayed. Look at the address listed next to the line "This Macintosh" In this example, the IP address is 192.168.10.30
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Verify IP Configuration: Linux/Unix

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Testing connectivity with ping

The ping command works by sending multiple IP packets to a specified destination. Each packet sent is a request for a reply. The ping command is used to test the NIC transmit/receive function, the TCP/IP configuration, and network connectivity.
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Web browser and plug-ins

plug-in applications These applications work in conjunction with the browser to launch the program required to view the following special files: Flash plays multimedia files, which was created by Macromedia Flash Quicktime plays video files, which was created by Apple Real Player plays audio files
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Binary presentation of data

The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is the most commonly used code for representing alpha-numeric data in a computer.

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Bits and bytes

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Base 2 number system

101102 = (1 x 24 = 16) + (0 x 23 = 0) + (1 x 22 = 4) + (1 x 21 = 2) + (0 x 20 = 0) = 22 (16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0)

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Boolean or binary logic

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Stop here!

?
Its time for questioning.
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