The Army Profession

and Ethic The Center for the Army Profession and Ethic
04 DEC 12 CGSC Ethics Symposium 2012
The overall classification of this brief is: UNCLASSIFIED

Agenda

Army Profession Background Dr. Snider Army Profession and Ethic Concepts Dr. Snider Americas Army Our Profession SGM Stewart Transferring Army Profession, Ethic Concepts to Our Soldiers: Modeled Facilitation SGM Stewart

Questions and Discussion

Duty, Honor, Country

The U.S. Army as a Military Profession (After a Decade of War, and

During a Defense Reduction) for Ft. Leavenworth Ethics Conference December 2012

Don M. Snider, PhD Senior Fellow, CAPE Distinguished Visiting Professor, AWC/SSI

How can I be a Professional if there is no Profession?

(an Army Major, 2001)

What professions do

Provide a vital service to the society which it cannot provide for itself, but must have to flourish Work with expert (abstract) knowledge developed into human expertise not routine or repetitive worktakes years of study and experiential learning Earn and maintain the trust of their society by the effective and ethical application of their expertisethe means of social control is the Ethic Are, therefore, granted relative autonomy in the application of their art and expertise...

Three Logics of Production

The Army is an info-age, producing organization the human expertise of modern land combat the design, generation, and support of the ethical application of landpower All production ideally is organized under one of three logics: The market of free, unregulated competition where consumer choice determines services, products, and prices. A bureaucracy of planned, supervised, controlled work focused on predictability and efficiency. A profession of workers with specialized knowledge who organize and control their own work based on a trust relationship with their client(s).

Profession vs. Bureaucracy

Expert knowledge Accepts life-long learning New situations Practice by humans Unlimited personal liability Invests in humans first Measure effectiveness Trust relationship w/client Granted some autonomy Develops worldview Maintain ethos, self-policed Intrinsic motivations A life-long calling

vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs.

Non-expert knowledge You develop me Routine situations Work done by (all) Little personal liability SOPs; soft/hard ware Efficiency Public market Closely supervised None inherent Externally imposed Extrinsic motivations A job

A Quintessential Act of Professional Practice

Based on his/her expert knowledge... A member of the profession who is facing a new

situation or task Classifies the task (estimate/diagnosis), reasons about it (inferring from abstract knowledge applicable to the new task/situation), and then acts on it (execution/action). Follows the action, evaluating it for effectiveness and, ultimately, adaptations to... The professions body of expert knowledge and its jurisdiction of expert work The practice the repetitive exercise of discretionary judgment, action, and follow-up all decisions with high moral content

Why Do We Care?

Professions offer two unique characteristics to the nation that bureaucratic organizations do not:
Expert

Knowledge Professions create and expand expert knowledge while, Bureaucracies (and businesses) apply the knowledge that professions have developed and discarded. Control Professional ethics develops the most powerful means of controlling individual behavior in large groups that are functioning under ambiguous, chaotic and dangerous circumstances, such as war. Bureaucratic controls, usually based on promotion and monetary rewards, have limited ability to control people in these situations.

Social

Development of soldiers and leaders who can make the right choices, and act on them effectively, during the heat of battle are essential to a successful American Army.

The Army Profession Campaign (2011)

The Army Profession Campaign (2011) was a US Army effort internally initiated to look critically at itself, as directed by the Secretary of the Army and the Chief of Staff of the Army The Army Profession Campaign (2011) was not in reaction to any one incident or issue The US Army has performed exceptionally well during the decade of war, meeting and exceeding its Nations call Demonstrated great strengths in adaptability of young leaders and dedication to service through multiple deployments Also struggled in some areas to maintain the highest standards of the Profession Self-reflection is what effective Professions do and a natural part of the US Armys culture After Action Review

Army Chief of Staff s Guiding Questions

The time is right to ask ourselves:
1. What does it mean for the Army to be a Profession? 2. What does it mean to be a professional? 3. After nine years of war (as of October 2010), how are we as individual professionals and as a profession meeting these aspirations?

Current State of Trust

LEVEL INDIVIDUAL/ GROUP STATEMENT I trust other members of this unit/org I can trust my subordinates to fully support my directive The Army allows candid opinions without fear of repercussions People can make an honest mistake without ruining their career ORG/INSTL The Army no longer demonstrates that it is committed to me as much as it expects me to be committed RESPONSE 67% Agree 67% Agree 25% Agree 40% Agree 40% Agree

When an Army Senior Leader says something, you can believe it is true
PUBLIC Trust elected and appointed civilian officials to do what is best for the Army Members of the Army have a great Duty, Honor, Country deal of respect for media

20% Disagree
38% Disagree 13% Agree

Army Profession Campaign Conclusions

1. No doctrine exists for the Army Profession 2. Cultural dysfunction exists; not living the Army Values 3. Significant lack of confidence in leader competence and candor, a trust issue 4. Certification systems lack rigor and credibility 5. Professional military education undervalued and underutilized 6. Too much variance in standards and basic discipline 7. Some personnel policies are outdated and dont support career needs

12

Army Profession Concepts

Membership in the US Army Profession

Army Profession: The Army Profession is a unique vocation of experts

certified in the design, generation, support, and ethical application of landpower, serving under civilian authority and entrusted to defend the Constitution and the rights and interests of the American people.

Profession of Arms
(Uniformed Members) (Active/Guard/Reserve)
Aspiring Professionals Serving Professionals Army Veterans of Honorable Service and Army Retirees

Army Civilian Corps

(Non-Uniformed Members) (DA Civilians)

What We Learned During the 2011-12 Campaign

15

To be a steward of the professions knowledge as well as its ethical and effective practice
When we first went there, we thought we would have a conventional fight, .We had a conventional fight, which turned quickly into an insurgency that was compounded by terrorism We were surprised by the changing tactics that we saw. We had no idea about the irregular aspect we were about to face. We didnt recognize this was a possibility. And when we did recognize this, it took us too long to adjust.
General Ray Odierno, interview with Army Times, 19 September, 2011

Professional Certification Criteria

Entry (Oath of Service) Entry of Army Volunteers

Initial ReReCertification Certification Certification

Boundary of Active Service

Members remain aspiring Aspiring Professional Professionals until certified by the institution

Serving Professional

Professional status earned once certified by the institution and then revalidated over time

Veterans of Honorable Service Army Retirees

Still influential members of the Army Profession

Moral CHARACTER requisite to being an Army professional : The Armys expert work creates a moral responsibility to act on behalf of a client rather than self and thus demands a moral character of sacrifice and service to ones own and the Armys Duty to the nation.

COMPETENCE in Expert
Work: The Professionals work is expert work related to the design, generation, support, and ethical application of landpower; the individuals competence is to be certified by the Army commensurate with the level of certification granted.

Resolute COMMITMENT to the Army Profession: By observation and evaluation it is clear that the professional has developed a personal calling requisite to an abiding commitment to effective and honorable service in the Army and to the nation.

Individual Attributes and Competencies

Leaders are Professionals; all Professionals practice formal and informal leadership

ATTRIBUTES
CHARACTER
Army Values Empathy Warrior/Service Ethos Discipline

PRESENCE
Military and professional bearing Fitness Confidence Resilience

INTELLECT
Mental agility Sound judgment Innovation Interpersonal tact Expertise

LEADS
Leads others Builds Trust Extends influence beyond the chain of command Leads by example Communicates

DEVELOPS
Creates a positive environment/ Fosters esprit de corps Prepares Self Develops others Stewards the profession

ACHIEVES
Gets results

COMPETENCIES

ADP 6-22 LRM

The Army Leader Requirements Model

Negotiated Jurisdictions of The Army Profession

Major Combat Operations Stability Operations

Strategic Deterrence

Homeland Security

External Internal
Develop Expert Knowledge

Develop Future Professionals with Expertise Human/Leader Development

MilitaryTechnical
MoralEthical PoliticalCultural

Your Human being or Essence

Moral Development (who you ARE

BE

KNOW

DO

Education (cognitive, knowing)

Training (behavioral, doing)

Stages of Moral Processing

Moral Development: Individual Transformation is Required Capability, Ownership, & Confidence/Courage Moral Capacity can be Developed Organizational Leaders can Lead such Transformations

MORAL RECOGNITION
James Rest (1986)

MORAL JUDGMENT

MORAL INTENTIONS

MORAL ACTION

Sequential Process

Professional Leaders of Character Honorable Service

Leadership - the process of influencing others to accomplish a mission. Character - those moral qualities that constitute the nature of a leader and shape his or her decisions and actions. Leader of Character - seeks to discover the truth, decide what is right, and demonstrate the courage to act accordingly. . . always. TRUTH => RIGHT => ACTION

Competence and Character

To succeed in peace and in war the Army needs professionals of high military-technical competence and matching moral character. But is that the case now, after more than a decade of war? Are they both up to the high standards of the profession? If not, should the Army increase the developmental emphasis on one or the other; and, if so which one?

The U.S. Army traditionally is a superb trainer, developing militarytechnical skills War tends to improve the Armys technical skills across the profession while challenging the character of those who participate in it...

Thus the concept of aspiring to honorable service as one of the essential characteristic of the Army as military profession, and its Soldiers and civilians as professionals.

Honorable Service and the Armys Ethic

Protects American society from exploitation by militarys monopoly of coercive power Distinguishes the Profession from the remainder of the society Provides internal guidance necessary for professional status, the legitimacy of the Army profession: Individual moral conduct by members of the profession Institutional behavioral norms for Army profession, internally and externally Basis for moral development of Army professionals

Influences on the Culture and Ethic

Adopted from Anthony E. Hartle, Moral Issues in Military Decision Making (1989)

The Framework of the Army Ethic

Legal Foundations
(codified)

Moral Foundations
Moral-Institutional
The U.S. Declaration of Independence Just War Tradition Army Culture Can-do Trust Relationships of the Profession

Army as Profession
(Values/norms for performance of collective institution)

Legal-Institutional
The U.S. Constitution Title 5, 10, 32, U.S. Code Treaties of which U.S. is party Status of Forces Agreements Law of Land Warfare

Individual as Professional
(Values/norms for performance of individual professionals)

Legal-Individual
Oath of: Enlistment Commission Service U.S. Code Standards of Exemplary Conduct Uniform Code of Military Justice Rules of Engagement Soldiers Rules

Moral-Individual Universal Norms: Accepted Human Rights Golden Rule of Interpersonal Behavior Creed & Mottos: Duty, Honor, Country NCO Creed, Civilian Creed 7 Army Values Soldiers Creed, Warrior Ethos

Democracy and powerful, professional military organizations do not rest easily with each other.
Professor Richard Betts, Columbia University, 2007;
author of Soldiers, Statesmen, and Cold War Crisis; The Irony of Vietnam; and, American Force

The Players: US CivilMilitary Relations

The State

The Civil-Military Bargain

Who controls the military instrument? What level of influence by the military is acceptable in a liberal society? What is the appropriate role of the military? What pattern of civil-military relations best ensures the effectiveness of the military instrument? Who serves?

Mackubin T. Owens, US Civil-Military Relations After 9/11: Renegotiating the Civil-Military Bargain (2011)

The 6 Critical Issues

Civilian Leaders - Military Leaders (A) Civilian control at the nexus; bright lines or overlap Policy/Strategy Asia/Pacific vs. AfghanistanIran

Debt, Defense Reductions and DoD budget priorities FY13-18

DoD/Army as Bill Payer; VA, personnel & military health care; modifications to retirements Army Profession - American Society (B)

Social norms as military values: gay marriage, women in combat, religious expression
Health: suicides, wounded warriors, PTSD/TBI; sexual assault Army Leaders Jr Officers/Soldiers/Civilians (D) Army Ethic Eroded Espoused values vs. Values-in-use, seen in standards, certifications, covenant with Soldiers/families Can the Stewards of the Profession deliver Army 2020 as profession?

Backup Slides

Human Developmental Domains

Competence Intellectual Military Physical Character Ethical Spiritual Social

Mind

Body

Army Professional Character Ethical Spiritual Social

Developing Authentic Leaders

THE TRIAD OF MORAL CAPABILITIES
MORAL COMPLEXITY (Knowledge & Meta-Cognition) MORAL AGENCY (Intentionality, Forethought, Self-Regulation, & Self-Reflection) MORAL EFFICACY (Self-Efficacy & Means Efficacy)

Positive Impacts on the Moral Reasoning Process

MORAL RECOGNITION

MORAL JUDGMENT

MORAL INTENTIONS

MORAL ACTION

Duty, Honor, Country

33

Instructional Products https://cape.army.mil/

Virtual Simulators AP Pamphlet & Other Written Materials

Digital Applications

Video and Written Case Studies Videos

Trust & Respect Brochure

ONLINE TRAINING SUPPORT PACKAGES (TSP) https://cape.army.mil/

2010 Basic Training 7 Army Values Inculcation

2011 7 Army Values Mandatory Annual Unit Training 2012

CCFSC
11/12/2013

Company Command First Sergeant Course (CCFSC)

Three Realities
The Army cannot simply declare itself to be a profession and its Soldiers or civilians to be professionals Profession is not the default or natural character of the Army The responsibility to develop Army professionals, both leaders and followers, both uniformed and civilian, is mutually shared between the institution and the individual Thereforethe Army establishes criteria for institutional certification of individual Army professionals

The Essential Characteristics of the Army Profession (1 of 2)

1. TRUST: A positive relationship with the American people based on mutual trust and respect is
the life-blood of the Army profession. The Army builds and sustains such trust through the active and continuous presence of the five essential characteristics of the profession. Only by military effectiveness, performed through honorable service, by an Army with a winning esprit de corps, and with members who steward the profession and its future and self-regulates itself can the Army be a military profession that the American people trust . Internal to the Army, trust serves as a vital organizing principle that establishes conditions necessary for an effective and ethical profession. Trustworthiness is the positive belief and faith in the competence, moral character, and calling of comrades and fellow professionals that permits the exercise of discretionary judgment - the core function of the Army professionals work.

2. MILITARY EXPERTISE: The Army creates its own expert knowledge, both theoretical and
practical, for the defense of the nation and the design, generation, support, and application of land combat power. This land power is normally applied in Joint Operations through the full spectrum of conflict and the subsequent establishment of a better peace. Such knowledge is unique and is not generally held outside the Army profession. The Army's expertise, then, is the ethical and effective application of that expert knowledge by certified individuals and units in the support and defense of the American people.

The Essential Characteristics of the Army Profession (2 of 2)

3. ESPRIT de CORPS: To prevail in arduous and chaotic warfare, the Army Profession must have
spirited, self-aware professionals who compose cohesive and effective units embedded in a culture that sustains traditions, respects customs and creates a sense of belonging by inspiring martial excellence and the fortitude to never quit. Winning in combat is the only acceptable outcome; the Army cannot fail the American people. The obligation to create and maintain such a dominant, winning spirit within the Army Ethic rests with Army leaders at all levels.

4. HONORABLE SERVICE: Without an effective and ethical Army Profession, the Nation is
vulnerable to aggression. Thus the Army Profession exists not for itself but for the noble and honorable purpose of preserving peace, supporting and defending the Constitution, and protecting the American people and way of life. The Army performs that duty virtuously, with integrity and respect for human dignity as the American people expect. Army Professionals are therefore called to more than a job - they are called to the deep moral obligations of the Army's Duty. Under that calling they willingly maintain the Army subordinate to civilian authorities and subordinate their own interests to those of the mission, being ready, if need be, to sacrifice in the defense of the Republic.

5. STEWARDSHIP OF THE PROFESSION: All true professions must self-regulate - they create
their own expertise and Ethic which they continually regenerate, reinforce, and enforce. The Army has existed for well over two centuries, but it has been a military profession for only half of that period. It will only maintain its status as a profession with the American people if its leaders at all levels, both military and civilian, serve daily as stewards of its evolving expert knowledge, the development of Army professionals and units to use that expertise, and the self-policing of the institution required by its Ethic. Because of this unique responsibility, Army leaders are over time the sine qua non of the Army as a military profession.