EBB 220/3

MODEL FOR
VISCO-ELASTICITY

DR AZURA A.RASHID
Room 2.19
School of Materials And Mineral Resources Engineering,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, P. Pinang
Malaysia
It is difficult to predict the creep and stress relaxation
for polymeric materials.

It is easier to predict the behaviour of polymeric
materials with the assumption it behaves as linear
viscoelastic behaviour.

Deformation of polymeric materials can be divided to
two components:

Elastic component Hookes law
Viscous component Newtons law

Deformation of polymeric materials combination of
Hookes law and Newtons law.


INTRODUCTION
The behaviour of linear elastic were given by Hookes
law:
Ee = o
E= Elastic modulus
o = Stress
e=strain
de/dt = strain rate
do/dt = stress rate
q= viscosity
or
dt
de
E
dt
d
=
o
The behaviour of linear
viscous were given by
Newtons Law:
dt
de
q o =
** This equation only applicable at low strain
Hookes law & Newtons Law
Methods that used to predict the behaviour of visco-
elasticity.

They consist of a combination of between elastic
behaviour and viscous behaviour.

Two basic elements that been used in this model:

1. Elastic spring with modulus which follows Hookes
law

2. Viscous dashpots with viscosity q which follows
Newtons law.

The models are used to explain the phenomena creep
and stress relaxation of polymers involved with different
combination of this two basic elements.

Mechanical Model
CREEP
STRESS RELAXATION
Constant strain is applied
the stress relaxes as
function of time
Constant stress is applied
the strain relaxes as
function of time

The common mechanical model that use to
explain the viscoelastic phenomena are:

1. Maxwell
Spring and dashpot align in series

2. Voigt
Spring and dashpot align in parallel

3. Standard linear solid
One Maxwell model and one spring align
in parallel.



Maxwell model consist of spring and dashpot in series
and was developed to explain the mechanical
behaviour on tar.

On the application of stress, the strain in each elements
are additive.

The total strain is the sum of strain in spring & dashpot.
The stress each elements endures is the same.
Elastic spring
Viscous dashpot
Maxwell Model
Overall stress o, overall strain e in the system is given
by:


e
s
=strain in spring and e
d
=strain in dashpot dashpot

Because the elements were in series the stress is the
same for all elements,


Equations for spring and dashpot can be written as:



d s
e e e + =
d s
o o o = =
and
dt
de
E
dt
d
s
=
o
dt
de
d
q o =
For Maxwell model, the strain rate is given as




The accuracy of prediction the mechanical behaviour of
Maxwell model can be confirm.

In creep case, the stress at o = o
0
maka do/dt = 0. The
equations can be written as:




Maxwell model can predict the Newtonian behaviour
the strain is predict to increased with time



q
o o
+ =
dt
d
E dt
de 1
q
o
0
=
dt
de
.


The behavior of Maxwell
model during creep loading
(constant stress, o
0
strain
is predicted to increased
linearly with time
This is not the viscoelastic
behaviour of polymeric
materials de/dt decreased
with time
May be this model is useful to predict the behaviour of
polymeric materials during stress relaxation.

In this case, the strain is constant e=e
0
applied to the
system given de/dt =0



then


Integration at t=0 o= o
0
given



q
o o
+ =
dt
d
E dt
de 1
q
o o
+ =
dt
d
E
1
0

dt
E d
q o
o
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
q
o o
Et
eksp
0
o
o
= earlier stress
The term q/E is constant for Maxwell model and
sometimes can be refered as time relaxation, t
0
written
as:


The exponential decreased in stress can be predicted
give a better representation of polymeric materials
behaviour.





Stress were predicted
completely relaxed with time
period it is not the normal
case for polymer
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
0
0
t
o o
t
eksp
Can also known as the Kelvin model.

It consists of a spring and dashpot in parallel.

In application of strain, the stress of each element
is additive, and the strain in each element is the
same.


Voigt Model
Viscous dashpot
Elastic spring
The parallel arrangement of spring and dashpot gives
the strain e are the same for the system given by:



e
s
=strain in spring and e
d
=strain in dashpot

Because the elements in parallel stress o din every
elements are additive and the overall stress are



Equation for spring and dahpot can be written as:



and
d s
e e e = =
d s
o o o + =
Ee
s
= o
dt
de
d
q o =
For Voigt model, the strain rate are



The accuracy of prediction the mechanical behaviour of
Voigt model can be confirm.

In creep case, stress is o = o
o
so do/dt = 0. The equation
can be written as:



The simple differential equation given by:


q q
o Ee
dt
de
=
q
o
q
0
= +
Ee
dt
de
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
q
o Et
eksp
E
e 1
0
Constant ratio q/E can be replace with time
relaxation, t
0.

Changes in strain with time for Voigt model that
having creep are given by:






(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
0
1
t
o t
eksp
E
e
Figure shows polymer
behavior under creep
deformation strain rate
decreased with time
e o
o
/
.
E

and t=

Voigt model fails to predict the stress relaxation

behaviour of polymer

When the strain is constant at e
0
and dan de/dt = 0 the
equation shows:



The linear response is shown in the figure:





q q
o
0
Ee
=
or
0
Ee = o
Behavior of Voigt model
at different loading
Stress relaxation
As shown:

Maxwell model can accurately predict the
phenomenon stress relaxation to a first
approximation.

Voigt Model can accurately predict the
phenomenon creep to a first
approximation.

Standard linear solid model was
developed to combined the Maxwell and
Voigt model to describe both creep &
stress relaxation to a first approximation.



Standard linear solid
In consist one Maxwell elements in parallel with a
spring.

The presence on this second spring will stop the
tendency of Maxwell element undergoing viscous flow
during creep loading but will still allow the stress
relaxation to occur
Viscous dashpot
Elastic spring
There were a lots of attempts to discover more
complex model that can give a good
approximation to predict viscoelastic behaviour
of polymeric materials.

When the elements used is increased
mathematical can be more complex.

It can be emphasis that mechanical models can
only gives mathematical representations for
mechanical behaviour only it not much
help to predict the behaviour of viscoelasticity at
molecular level.
Summary
Linear viscoelastic theory is Boltzman
superposition principle.

It is the first mathematical statement of linear
viscoelastic behaviour that allows the state of
stress or strain in a viscoelastic body to
determine from a knowledge of its entire
deformation history.

This principle can be used to predict the
overall creep and stress relaxation of
polymeric materials




Boltzman superposition principle
Botzmann proposed that:

The creep in a specimen is a function of its
entire loading history

Each loading step makes an independent
contribution to the final deformation

Overall deformation algebraic sum of each
contribution


Illustrating the Boltzman superposition principle
What is the purpose of mechanical model
in visco-elasticity theories?

Gives a brief description how the chosen
mechanical model can be used to estimate
the creep or stress relaxation behavior for
polymeric materials?

Example of the exams question