Phasor Analysis of Bandpass Signals

Background: Phasors for Monochromatic Signals

1
( ) ( )
cos 2
o
x t A f t t u = +
Phasor Analysis of Bandpass Signals
Narrowband Signals:
Define:
2
( )
x t
( ) ( ) ( )
2 Z f u t X f =
Narrowband Signals: Continued
3
Phasor Equivalent for Narrowband
4
Transmitting Bandpass Signals
through Bandpass Systems
5
( )
( )
( )
: bandpass signal with center frequency
: impulse response of LTI system
- narrowband
- centered on frequency
Find :
o
o
x t f
h t
f
y t
Amplitude Modulation
ECE460
Spring, 2012
Analog Modulation Techniques
Modulation: The process by which some
characteristic of a carrier wave is
varied in accordance with an
information-bearing signal

Amplitude modulation
1. Amplitude modulation (AM)

2. Double sideband-suppressed carrier (DSB-SC)

3. Single sideband (SSB)

4. Vestigial sideband (VSB)

7
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
AM is formally defined as a process in which the
amplitude of the carrier wave c(t) is varied
about a mean value linearly with a message
signal m(t).

Message Signal:

Sinusoidal Carrier:

AM Wave:

( ) m t
( ) cos(2 )
c c
c t A f t t = +
| |
( ) 1 ( ) cos(2 )
c a c
s t A k m t f t t = + +
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Amplitude Modulation
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( ) 1
a
k m t t <
( ) 1 for some
a
k m t t >
Message signal ( ) m t
Frequency Domain
Message signal: Band-limited to W


AM wave:
Time Domain:

Frequency Domain:
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| |
( ) 1 ( ) cos(2 )
c a c
s t A k m t f t t = + +
( ) ( ) m t M f
| | | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
c a c
c c c c
A k A
S f f f f f M f f M f f o o = + + + + +

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Example
Message signal

AM Wave
Time Domain:


Frequency Domain:
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| |
| |
| |
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
( ) ( )
4
1
( ) ( )
4
c
c c
c c m c m
c c m c m
A
S f f f f f
A f f f f f f
A f f f f f f
o o
o o
o o
= + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
( ) cos(2 )
m m
m t A f t t =
where
a c
k A =
( ) ( )
1 1
cos(2 ) cos 2 cos 2
2 2
c c c c m c c m
A f t A f f t A f f t t t t = + + + ( (

| |
( ) 1 cos(2 ) cos(2 )
c m c
s t A f t f t t t = +
Varying m
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| |
| |
| |
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
( ) ( )
4
1
( ) ( )
4
c
c c
c c m c m
c c m c m
A
S f f f f f
A f f f f f f
A f f f f f f
o o
o o
o o
= + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
0.5 =
1.0 =
2.0 =
1
0.4
0.05
c
c
m
A
f Hz
f Hz
=
=
=
Envelope Detection
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Conclusions on AM
Power

Channel Bandwidth

Complexity
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Double Sideband-Suppressed
Carrier Modulation (DSB-SC)
Message signal:
Carrier Wave:
Transmit Signal:
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( ) m t
( ) c t
( ) ( ) ( )
cos(2 ) ( )
c c
s t c t m t
A f t m t t
=
= +
( ) S f =
Why Coherent Detection?
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Local
Oscillator
Product
modulator
Low-pass
filter
( ) v t ( ) s t
( )
o
v t
cos(2 )
c c
A f t t |
'
+
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) cos 2
cos 2 cos 2
1 1
cos 4 cos
2 2
c c
c c c c
c c c c c
v t A f t s t
A A f t f t m t
A A f t m t A A m t
t |
t t |
t | |
'
= +
'
= +
' '
= + +
Costas Receiver
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Voltage Controlled
Oscillator
Product
modulator
Low-pass
filter
cos(2 )
c
f t t | +
Product
modulator
Low-pass
filter
-90
Phase Shifter
Phase
discriminator
sin(2 )
c
f t t | +
( ) ( )
1
cos
2
c
A m t |
( ) ( )
1
sin
2
c
A m t |
Conclusions on DSB-SC
Power

Channel Bandwidth

Complexity
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Single Modulation (SSB)
1. Creating an SSB signal via a Hilbert Transform









2. Filtering a DSB SC signal





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Filtering DSB-SC signal for SSB
DSB-SC Signal:

Filter:

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( ) ( ) cos(2 )
DSB c c
s t A m t f t t =
1,
( )
0, otherwise
c
f f
H f
>
=

Find SSB Transmission Signal

Message Signal:

Begin by finding

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( ) cos(2 ),
c m m c
m t A f t f f t = <<

( ) m t
Demodulation of an SSB signal
Requires a phase coherent demodulator like a
DSB-SC demodulation



Low-pass filtering leaves:
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( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
cos 2 cos 2
1 1
cos sin double frequency terms
2 2
c c
c c
r t f t s t f t
A m t A m t
t t |
| |
= +
= + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
cos 2 cos sin
2 2
c c c
r t f t A m t A m t t | | = +
Conclusions on SSB
Power

Channel Bandwidth

Complexity
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Vestigial Sideband Modulation
Compromise between DSB-SC and SSB:
Keeps a trace, or vestige, of the other sideband
A portion of the other sideband is transmitted

Transmitted Signal:




Received Signal:


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( ) ( ) ( )
( ) cos 2
c c
s t A m t f t h t t = - (

( ) ( ) ( )
cos 2
c
v t s t f t t =
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
c
c c
A
S f M f f M f f H f = + + (

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
2
4
2
4
c c
c
c c
c
c c
V f S f f S f f
A
M f f M f H f f
A
M f M f f H f f
= + + (

= + (

+ + + + (

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4
c
c c
A
V f M f H f f H f f = + + (

Vestigial Sideband Filter
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