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Outline
What is smart dust?
Characteristics Applications
Military
Commercial Requirements and restrictions
The three key capabilities of smart dust are: Sensory capabilities Processing capabilities Communication capabilities
Surveillance
Bunker/building mapping
Peace time/treaty monitoring Intelligence in hostile areas/behind enemy lines Transportation monitoring and traffic mapping Missile hunting
Unmanned pursuit
Integration of several smart dust experiments
Aerial smart dust deployment in the area of interest ground and air
Sensors:
Energy tradeoff
Relay secure information to the pursuers to design and implement an optimal pursue strategy
Provide guidance to pursuers, when GPS or other navigation sensors may fail
UC Berkeley
Sensor Network
Commercial applications
Games and sports
Traffic monitoring Inventory control
Security
Identification and tagging Predictive maintenance Product quality control Industrial facilities Vehicles and systems Appliances Agriculture
Building management
Energy management Temperature control
Lighting control
Fire systems Smart office spaces Computer interface Virtual keyboard
3D virtual sculpturing
Health, medicine and wellness Handicap aid
Requirements
Perform a specific task according to the application Sense as defined by the task profile (different types of detectors will not be discussed in this talk)
Perform basic computations digitization, noise filtering, DSP, FFT, image processing, decision making, localization, etc
Establish ad-hoc communication in a physical environment Base station communication and peer to peer Ranges between a few meters (between motes) and over a km (motes to base station) Multi-hop routing (if required) Self configuration and optimization
Restrictions
Mote volume will not exceed 1mm3
A single mote is probably restricted to few sensory capabilities Energy restrictions Battery 1J/mm3 (about 10W for a day) Capacitors 1mJ/mm3 Solar cells 1J/day (sun) or 1mJ/day (room light) Vibrations 0.4-30W (depends on amplitude and frequency)
RF
Pros
Optical
Pros Low energy consumption (<1nJ/bit) High data rates Small aperture, very directional (localization)
SEM view
Laser diode
MEM mirror
Lens
Optical view
UC Berkeley
Revisit rates
Link directionality
General Motes are unaware of neighbors location Base station can disseminate location information to motes Passive links A corner cube retro-reflector angle of acceptance is 10-20 Placing multiple corner cubes Placing the corner cube and the receiver on a MEM mount signal maximization Increase mote density high probability for communication with at least some motes in the area of interest
Active links Mote receiver is omnidirectional within a hemisphere Enables mote attention without aiming No source identification Making the receiver directional (by adding a lens) and connecting its directionality to the transmitter will enable communication automatically to the source Requires aiming Solved by increasing the density of motes In a static system, identification could be saved in mote memory Difference between receiver and transmitter angular spreads leads to non-reciprocal linking
There are as many channels as there are pixels in the CMOS camera of the base station
If the interrogating beam is divergent enough several motes could be ready simultaneously A base station will not distinguish between motes in the same space equivalent pixel
TDMA could be incorporated in the architecture modulation of the interrogating beam could establish a clock for synchronization
Demand access method (as in cellular and satellite networks) could be implemented as well a mote sends an active short pulse to the base station will receive attention by the interrogation beam of the base station
Trade-offs
SNR signal to noise ratio, governs the probability for bit error Pt average transmitter power A receiver area N0 receiver inherent noise
B bit rate
r the distance between the transmitter and receiver
- beam divergence
Revisit rate
Revisit rate should be application specific
Use of AI learning system Frequent revisits to areas in which changes happen most rapidly Could be based on human judgment or automatic Could be based on the demand access method
Different markets Airborne systems monitoring, camera stability, unmanned Marine Land vehicles Environment Mote price ~100$ Kit price (8-12 motes) ~ 2000$
Rocket chip
UCSD
References
JM Kahn, RH Katz & KSJ Pister, Emerging challenges: mobile networking for smart dust, J. of Comm. and Net. 2 pp.188-196 (2000) Y Song, Optical Communication Systems for Smart Dust, M.Sc. Thesis, Virginia polytechnic institute and state university, 2002 The following urls: http://www.darpa.mil/ http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust/ http://www-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/archive/users/warnekebrett/SmartDust/index.html http://www.xbow.com/ http://www.dust-inc.com/ http://chem-faculty.ucsd.edu/sailor/research/highlights.html http://www.nanotech-now.com/smartdust.htm