X-Ray Analysis

1. Collimated beam
1. No distortion ( blurring)
2. No object magnification
2. Assume point source
1. No resolution loss.
2. Objects have depth-dependent magnification.
3. Finite source
1. Ray optics
2. Full analysis
1. Result becomes a convolution w/ magnified source
2. Assumptions remove obliquity, thin planes,
Magnified object, magnified source
3. Distortion due to source size
I
d
(x
d
,y
d
) = I
i
exp [ -
o
((x
d
/d)z, (y
d
/d)z, z) dz]

I
d
(x
d
,y
d
) = I
i
exp [ -
o
(x
d
/M, (y
d
/M, z) dz]

where M = d/z
and I
i
= I
o
/ (1 + (r
d
2
/d)
2
)
3/2


2
2
1
d
r
d
+
2
2
1
d
r
d
+
X-Ray with a Point Source
Collimated X-ray
I
d
(x
d
,y
d
) = I
0
exp [ -
o
(x,y,z) dz]
Geometric optics predicts that for a thin object:
t (x,y) = exp [ - (x,y) o (z - z
o
)] imaged by a x-ray source,
s(x,y)








The detected image will be the convolution of a Magnified
object and a magnified source
) , ( * * ) , ( ) , (
m
y
m
x
s
M
y
M
x
Kt y x I
d d d d
d d d
=
z
z d
m and
z
d
M
) (


= =
1) First, no object
dI
d
(x
d
, y
d
) = dI
o
cos
3
u

dI
o
= s (x
s
, y
s
) dx
s
dy
s
/(4d
2
)

Source units ((N/mm
2
)/min)

ds
x
d
,y
d
r
ds

x
s
,y
s



origin
s(x
s
,y
s
)
2 / 3
2
2
0
) 1 (
1
) , (
d
r
dI y x dI
d
d d d
+
=
2) Now lets put in an object. What is the output of x
d
, y
d
given a
source at x
s
, y
s
?

We call this the differential detected image.

dI
d
(x
d
, y
d
, x
s
, y
s
) = dI
i
exp [ - (x,y,z) ds]

Again, we will evaluate d
s
in terms of x
d
, y
d
in the detector plane.



2 2 2 2 2
) / ( ) / ( 1 dz dy dz dx dz dz dy dx ds + + = + + =
Now come up for expressions for x and y paths in terms of z
We want to describe what is happening
at some general location x,y in the body.
Lets start by describing the coordinates
of these points along a path connecting
an arbitrary source point and detector
point. Our source point will be s(x
s
,y
s
)
and the detector point will be (x
d
, y
d
).
A general point y on the path is shown.

By similar triangles,

y
d

y
s

y
y
s

z
d
(x,y,z)
y-z plane shown
s
s d
s
s d
s d
s
s d
x
d
z x x
x
y
d
z y y
y
d
z
y y
z
d
y y
y y
+

=
+

=
=
=

) ) ((
Similarly
) ) ((
y - y
s
Again, we will build a parametric equation











d
x x
dz
dx
s d
) (
=
d
y y
dz
dy
s d
) (
=
2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 ) ( ) ( 1
) / ( ) / ( 1
d
r
dz
d
y y
d
x x
dz ds
dz dy dz dx dz dz dy dx ds
d s d s d
+ =

+ =
+ + = + + =
dz z y z
d
y y
x z
d
x x
u
d
r
dI dI
s
s d
s
s d
m
d
i d
)] ,
) (
, ) ( 1 exp[
2
2
+

+ =
}
Lets manipulate one of the variables of in last slide, recalling that











Now we have the result at an arbitrary detector point due to and
arbitrary source point.
z
z d
m and
z
d
M
) (


= =
M
mx x
M
x
z
d
z
d
x
z
d
z
d
x x
s d
s s s d

=
+ = +

M
) x - (x ) (
s d
dz z
M
my y
M
mx x
u
d
r
dI dI
s d s d
m
d
i d
)] , , ( 1 exp[
2
2

+ =
}
To get the entire result I
d
(x
d
, y
d
), we add up the response
from all the source points by integrating over the source.
I
d
(x
d
, y
d
) = dI
s
integrate over source


No assumptions made on space invariance yet.

Putting it all together,

I
d
(x
d
, y
d
) = 1/ (4d
2
) s (x
s
, y
s
)
exp[- (x
d
- mx
s
)/M, (y
d
- my
s
)/M, z) dz]



Lets make some assumptions and simplify

1) Ignore both obliquity factors
2) Assume planar object = t (x,y) o (z - z
o
)

2
2
1
d
r
d
+
Then

I
d
= 1/(4d
2
) s (x
s
, y
s
) exp[ - t (x
d
- mx
s
)/M, (y
d
- my
s
)/M) dx
s
dy
s
]

For space invariance, let



By considering a magnified source and Magnified object, we can get
space invariance.



The above can be viewed as a convolution.

I
d
= 1/(4d
2
m
2
) s (x
d
/m, y
d
/m) ** exp[ -t (x
d
/M, y
d
/M)]

I
d
= 1/(4d
2
m
2
) s (x
d
/m, y
d
/m) ** t (x
d
/M, y
d
/M)]

s s
s s
mdx dx
mx x
=
=
'
'
s s
s s
mdy dy
my y
=
=
'
'
' '
' '
2 2
) , ( exp[ ) , (
4
1
s s
s d s d s s
d
dy dx
M
y y
M
x x
m
y
m
x
s
m d
I

' '
=
}}
t
t
Consider 10mm object 1mm source


z m M Image
size
Blur
d 0 1 10mm 0
d/2 1 2 20mm 1mm
d/10 9 10 100mm 9mm
Intuitive Understanding of Finite Source
Instead of a point source, lets consider a more realistic
finite source. The source will be planar and parallel to the
detector. We will consider it as an array of point sources. Here we
will consider half a doughnut as an example, s(x
s
,y
s
).

z
d-z
d
s(x
s
,y
s
)
Image of Source
x
d
x
s
Find the result in the detector
plane ss a result of the sum of
source points
y
s
y
d


Response to pinhole impulse at origin



Planar Object


In the Fourier domain,
I
d
(u,v) = KM
2
m
2
T (Mu, Mv) S (mu,mv)


Low m
M
z
z d
m =

= 1
) (
) , ( ) , (
m
y
m
x
Ks y x h
d d
d d
=
) , ( * * ) , ( ) , (
m
y
m
x
s
M
y
M
x
Kt y x I
d d d d
d d d
=
z
z d
m and
z
d
M
) (


= =

In the Fourier domain,
I
d
(u,v) = KM
2
m
2
T (Mu, Mv) S (mu,mv)

Object is magnified by
Source causes distortion
Low m
Large m
z < d
small m
u
I
d
(u,v)
Curves show S(mu,mv) for
a large m and a small m
) , ( * * ) , ( ) , (
m
y
m
x
s
M
y
M
x
Kt y x I
d d d d
d d d
=
z
d
M =
z
z d
m
) (
=
What about volumetric objects? Stepping back one or two steps in
the previous work and still ignoring obliquity,


But m = m(z) therefore we cant model

Lets model object as an array of planes (||||||) t (x,y)

= t
i
(x,y) o (z - z
i
)

i
where m
i
= - (d - z
i
)/ z
i
and M
i
= d/z
i
s s
s d s d
s s d
dy dx
M
my y
M
mx x
y x s
m d
I ) , ( exp[ ) , (
4
1
2 2

=
}}
t
t
s s
mx x =
'

term is still not linear however

Lets assume dz = t
i
<< 1
Then we can linearize the exponent exp (- t
i
) = 1 - t
i

View as sum of integrals




I
d
I
i
-
i
1/(4d
2
m
2
) s ((x
d
/m
i
), (y
d
/m
i
)) **t
i
(x
d
/M
i
, y
d
/M
i
)

where I
i
= 1/(4d
2
) s (x
s
,y
s
) dx
s
dy
s

The output is seen as incident radiation minus a summation of
convolutions. Good math, poor approximation. This is true only in
very thin regions of the body

) , ( exp[
M
my y
M
mx x
s d s d

t
)] , ( 1 )[ , (
4
1
2 2
i
s i d
i
s i d
i s s d
M
y m y
M
x m x
y x s
m d
I

=

}}
t
t
Reasonable approximation (except at boundaries u approaches 0 )

=
mean
+
A

is departure from water or

exp [ - (
m
+

) dz = exp [ -
m
dz ] exp [ -

dz ]

We can linearize with the approximation
[ exp -
m
dz ] [ 1 -

dz ]






Since
m
is a constant, the first exponential term is a constant.



u
s s
s d s d
s d s d
m
s s d
dy dx z
M
my y
M
mx x
u
dz z
M
my y
M
mx x
u y x s
m d
I
)] , , ( 1 [
)] , , ( exp[ ) , (
4
1
2 2

-

=
}
} }}
A
t
Since
m
is a constant, we can pull out the first exponential term.
The remaining integration can now be seen as a series of thin planes.
Each planes integration in z is simply seen as a convolution then.

I
d
= [exp -
m
(x
d
/M, y
d
/M, z) dz ]
[ I
i
- 1/(4d
2
m
i
2
) s ((x
d
/m
i
), (y
d
/m
i
)) ** t
i
(x
d
/M
i
, y
d
/M
i
)


I
d
= T
water
(x
d
, y
d
) [ I
i
- 1/(4d
2
m
i
2
)
s ((x
d
/m
i
), (y
d
/m
i
)) ** t
i
(x
d
/M
i
, y
d
/M
i
)]

where T
water
= [exp -
m
(x
d
/M, y
d
/M, z) dz ]


Thus, we have justified viewing the body as an array of planes.