PRESENTATION OF DATA

INTRODUCTION

After the data have been collected the next step is to present them in some suitable form. When data are presented in easy to read form it can help the reader to acquire knowledge in much shorter period of time and also facilitate statistical analysis Presentation can take two basic forms: i-Statistical Table and Ii-Statistical Chart. A statistical table is Presentation of numbers in a logical arrangement with some brief explanation to show what they are. However before tabulating data it is often necessary to first classify them. A statistical chart or a graph is a pictorial device for presenting data.

CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
Classification is the grouping of related facts into different classes . Facts in one class differ from those of another class with respect to some characteristics called a basis of classification .Sorting facts on one basis of classification and then on another basis is called cross- classification .This process can be repeated as many times as there are possible basis of classification . Classification is a sorting operation.

TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION

Broadly the data can be classified on the following four basis: i- Geographical i.e. area-wise e.g. cities districts etc. Ii- Chronological i.e. on the basis of time. Iii- Qualitative according to attributes. Iv- Quantitative according to numerical size. (i) Qualitative classification: It is done according to attributes or non-measurable characteristics;like social status, gender, nationality, occupation, etc. For example, the population of the whole country can be classified into four categories as married, unmarried, widowed and divorced. Employed or Unemployed Literates or illiterates .When only one attribute, e.g., gender , is used for classification, it is called simple classification. When more than one attributes, e.g., deafness, gender and religion, are used for classification, it is called manifold classification. Quantitative classification: It is done according to numerical size like weights in kg or heights in cm. Here we classify the data by assigning arbitrary limits known as class-limits.The quantitative phenomenon under study is called a variable. For example, the populationof the whole country may be classified according to different variables like age, income, wage, price, etc. Hence this classification is often called classification by variables.

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO CLASS INTERVALS

This type of Classification is most popular in practice. The span of a class that is the difference between the upper limit and the lower limit is known as class interval. for Exp- 10 20. There are two methods of classifying the data according to class intervals namely

a-Exclusive method b-Inclusive method.

a-Exclusive method :-In this the upper limit of one class is lower limit of the next class. In following exp there are 50 employees whose income is between Rs 5000 and Rs.5999.99.An employee who is getting exactly Rs.6000 would be included in class 6000-7000.Here it is noticeable that upper limit is exclusive i.e. upper limit is not included in that class.

INCOME
5000-6000 6000-7000 7000-8000

No. of Employees
50 100 200

Inclusive method-: In this method upper limit of one class is included in that class itself. So there is no confusion here as we fine in exclusive method.

INCOME 5000-5999 6000-6999 7000-7999

No. of Employees 50 100 200

PRINCIPLE OF CLASSIFICATION

Struges suggested the following formula for determining the approximate no of classes:

k=1+ 3.322 logN

K= The approximate no. of class. N=Total no. of observation.

Class Interrvel
i= Range/1+ 3.322 logN Range = Highest value - Lowest value

Types of Diagrams:I. One dimensional diagram e.g. bar diagram II. Two dimensional diagram e.g. rectangles squares and circles. III. Pictogram and Cartogram I. One dimensional diagram e.g. bar diagram:- Most common type diagram.They
are called one dimensional because it is only length of the barr that matters and not the width.When observations are large lines may be drawn instead of bars.

MERITS:I.Readily understood even by not chart minded II. Simplest and easiest to make III.Effective for large no. of observations Types of Bar Diagrams:I Simple bar diagram II.Subdivided bar diagram III.Multiple bar diagram IV. Percentage bar diagram V. Deviation bars VI.Broken bars

I Simple bar diagram:-Used to represent only one variable.Very popular in practice. Year 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Disbursements(Rs. crores 85.8 109.61 204.29 126.31 209.89

I SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM

Disbursements
250

204.29 200

209.89

150
126.31 109.61 100 85.8 Funds Flow

50

0 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

II.SUBDIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM

Used to represent various parts of the total.

Year 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

Banks 45.8 109.61 54.29 66.31 109.49

SFCs 85.8 159 254.5 126.63 209.88

NBFCs 195.8 199.21 275.19 426.31 319.13

Total 327.4 467.82 795.22 619.25 638.5

II.SUBDIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM

700 600

500 319.13 275.19 400 199.21 300 426.31 NBFCs SFCs Banks

195.8 200

209.88

159

254.5 126.63

100

85.8 109.61 45.8 54.29 66.31 109.49

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

III.MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM

Used to represent two or more sets of interrelated data.

2006-07

2007-08

Gross profits Profits before tax Profits after tax Retained profits

3104 1663 1219 846

3123 1376 982 589

III.MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM

3500 3104 3000 3123

2500

2000 Gross profits 1663 Profits before tax 1500 1219 Retained profits 1000 982 846 589 500 1376 Profits after tax

0 2006-07 2007-08

PERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAM

The length of the bars is kept equal to the 100 and segments are cut in these bars to represent percentage of an aggregate.

V. Deviation bars:Used for representing net quantities excess or dificit i.e. net profit net loss net exports or imports etc. such bars can have both positive and negative values. Positive values are shown above the line and negative values below it.

YEAR 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

SALES 14% 11% 12%

NET PROFITS 29% 61% -74%

V. DEVIATION BARS:80% 61% 60%

40% 29% 20% 14%

11%

12%

0% 2005-06 -20% 2006-07 2007-08 SALES NET PROFITS

-40%

-60%

-80%

-74%

-100%

II. TWO DIMENSIONAL DIAGRAM In Two dimensional diagram length as well as width of the bars is considered.Thus the area of the bar represents the given data.Also known as surface diagrams or area diagrams.Important types are: i-Rectangles ii-squares and iii-circles.

Disbursements

85.8, 12%

209.89, 28% 109.61, 15% 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2004-05 2006-07

126.31, 17% 204.29, 28%

Disbursements
250

200

204.29

209.89

150 126.31 109.61 100 85.8

Disbursements

50

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

year Gross profits Gross expenditure Net Income

2001-02 460 400 60

2002-03 482 450 32

2003-04 552 500 52

600

500

400

Gross profits 300 Gross expenditure Net Income

200

100

0 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04