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WIND

Janice Moynihan Lorelei Schmitt Danielle Roy 3.6.2005

Finding Available Wind Energy


POWER in the wind: (P, watts) P=.5Av3 , where:
is air density (at sea level = .6125 metric or .00508 US) A is area intercepting wind (m2 or ft2); need wind swept area to find A v is instantaneous wind velocity (m/s or mph)

Finding Available Wind Energy


To compare P and V at two different sites:
with this equation want to know what the relationship between the power at sites with different wind speeds P2 /P1=(V2/V1)3 ; cubed relationship remember Power equation ex. If wind speed is 20% greater at one site compared to another, the power will be about 73% greater at that site because of cubic relationship.
when comparing units do not matter

Finding Available Wind Energy


r
Wind Swept Area:
A = r2, where: r length of 1 blade Comparing rotor diameter: A2/A1 = (R2/R1)2 ; square relationship remember area equation A wind turbine with a bigger rotor will almost always produce more electricity regardless of generator rating. Important in estimating turbines potential.

Finding Available Wind Energy


Distribution of wind speed over time:
estimate/designate resource by annual average wind speed in off-grid system (w/ batteries) monthly average wind speed is used periods of gusty wind contribute more to annual energy production, steady winds produce less power over time
- sum of cube of different wind speeds over time amounts to more than cube of average wind speed

CUBE FACTOR: hypothetical distribution that accounts for changes in wind speed (temperate climates use Rayleigh distribution for approximation)

http://www.bergey.com/Maps/World.Wind.Lg.htm

If resource measurements are not available by either direct measurement at site or from a nearby meteorological station, then a Rayleigh distribution is used.

Finding Available Wind Energy


Increasing speed and power with height:
assume wind spd. Measurements at least 10m (33ft) above ground taller towers = more power available in less turbulent winds Use Power Law Method: Increasing tower
V/Vo=(H/Ho)a, where: Vo is wind speed at original height V is wind speed at new height Ho is original height H is new height
height increases wind speed exponentially. Over rough terrain, alpha = 0.25. Over smooth terrain (water/ice), alpha = 0.1

a (alpha) is surface roughness exponent


equation for relationship between power and height also, just remember cubed

Finding Available Wind Energy

Gipe (1999)

Gross Amount of Energy Small Turbines Offer (3 methods)


Manufacturers Specifications
what to expect from turbines under standard conditions with Rayleigh dist. at sea level when they present information as range of values it reflects uncertainty in estimates of performance Suppliers of off-grid, battery charging turbines present info in kWh/month rather than kWh/year

Power Curve Method


no accurate power curves published, all guesstimation know distribution of wind speed, match to power curve, sum energy produced by turbine over range of speeds represented by Rayleigh dist.

Gross Amount of Energy Small Turbines Offer (3 methods)


Wind Swept Area Method:
Do-It-Yourself Use rotor swept area and avg. annual wind speed under ideal conditions to estimate AEO (annual energy output) Most aerodynamic of turbines CAPTURE 40% of wind energy (not the same thing as how much energy it INTERCEPTS) their generators convert 90% or less of energy delivered to them OVERALL CONVERSION EFFICIENCY of 2030% CAPTURE of energy available in wind perform best in low wind regimes (4-5 m/s or 9-11 mph)

Gross Amount of Energy Small Turbines Offer (3 methods)


To calculate AEO:
AEO = *A*v3*cube factor*8760h/yr*% capture*(1 kW/1000W) = _____ kWh/yr , where: is air density .00508 US or .6125 metric A is wind swept area cube factor is 1.9 (for Rayleigh dist. in temperate climates) % wind capture is 20

this calculation gives the annual kWh that your turbine will supply compare against load calculation

Gross Amount of Energy Small Turbines Offer


Rarely all the energy intercepted by a turbine is captured (put to use) usually only 20% Losses:
Only operating efficiently at rated wind speed (usually in low regimes 4-5 m/s or 9-11 mph) Full batteries do not accept any more power even if turbines are pumping it out goes to dump Inefficiency of battery storage Inverter losses when converting stored DC to AC appliances Only 70% of the energy delivered to the batteries is

eventually used productively


Add 10% for other negligible losses

this is where in AEO eq. 20% wind capture comes from

Types

3 blades Fiberglass or carbon fiber Tail vane that furls Heavier (weight of turbine relative to wind swept area), rugged turbine Permanent-magnet, induction alternator Micro-, mini-, household-size turbines

Off-the-Grid Applications

Hybrid Wind and Solar Systems


Improves the reliability of a stand-alone system Cost effective Addition of a small amount of wind capacity can significantly boost the total energy available

Gipe (1999)

Batteries and inverters are critical to the success of a hybrid system


Energy storage Conversion of DC to AC

Battery storage is expensive, use of both wind and solar energy works to offset this cost Improvements of inverter technology have made it easier to live off the grid with AC appliances DC Source Center eases the integration of the wind turbine, battery, and inverter

Village Power
Most rural areas worldwide fall beyond the utility network, leaving millions without access to electricity Hold the potential of a huge market for wind and solar hybrids Use the same components as off-grid systems in developed countries, but in areas where 1 kilowatt of energy goes a long way

Interconnected or Utility Intertie

Induction generators used to synchronize its voltage and current with those of the utility Modern inverters allow any battery-charging wind turbine to produce utility compatible electricity
If demand exceeds supply, energy is drawn from the utility to recharge the batteries If there is a surplus generation of electricity, the system can feed the excess back to the utility network

Ideally, these systems allow for the use of the utility as a battery Often run into problems because paid less than the cost of electricity To avoid a surplus, many have begun to match consumption with available wind or decreased the size of their turbine Net metering: allows individuals to run their kilowatt-hour meter backwards
Only offered in 22 states in the U.S Most states limit it to 10 kW, but in some the limit is higher

Buying Small Turbines

Appropriating Size
What are you power expectations?
Small vacation house? Compliment to PV panels? Add up you anticipated electrical usage with the sites wind availability to determine size of turbine needed Generally price per Kwh decreases with larger turbine diameters.but larger towers/turbines are more expensive to purchase

Choosing Economically
Do not only look at price, quality and reliability are very important in this sort of purchase. A good measure is the price of the turbine relative to the area swept by its rotor ($/m2 or $/ft2) NRELs cost performance ratio: purchase price/annual energy output

Tower Selection
Tower must be matched to turbine Critical to have an appropriate clearance between rotor blades and the tower Must be able to install and service turbine A low-cost and user friendly tower is the tilt-up, guyed tubular mast NRG makes a well-priced, reliable, and installation-easy friendly tower

Building your own tower?


Building your own tower is not recommended. If one is feeling determined to build his or her own windmill, contact the Centre for Alternative Technology in Wales

Control Panels
Control panels are not essential for micro/mini turbines but can: -help one know how the turbine is performing -provide a brake switch -provide current protection *World Power provides an attractive control panel

How about used turbines?


Be weary. Be especially skeptical of turbines from old large wind farms Feel free to call companies and ask for more information on how old the unit may be. A good resource for finding wind turbines is the classifieds in Home Power magazine (which I sure hope Gary Flos got a subscription to)

Cutting Prices
Overall, it is hard to cut prices without sacrificing reliability Collective buying? The govt has done it Subsidies?
Generally only large scale operations are eligible There may be state-specific experimental technology subsidies available, check it out

Siting and Safety

Siting
Need Distance From Buildings/Trees -To avoid obstruction to wind, enhancing output -To reduce noise -30 feet above trees/houses recommended -Towers should be at least 30-60 feet tall

Siting Donts
Dont mount on roof because house acts an obstruction Dont mount on trees Urban wind doesnt work for practical purposes Dont put anchors, guy cables near traveled ways including roads and footpathsIf there are farm animal fencein these parts

Safety-Maintenance Musts
No loose long hair, loose clothing, or jewelry around turning shaft Halt all turbines before performing maintenance Never work beneath an operating turbine Service turbine regularly to increase life expectancy (twice a year, spring and fall)

Safety-Electrical Precautions
Disconnect power supply from turbine to avoid electricution Fuse all power sources to batteries Use caution when working with batteries

Installing Small Turbines


**Remember that turbines will need repairswhat goes up must come down**

Tower Raising-Tilt up
Can be dangerous Truck or farm tractor can be effective in raising tower IF one has experience around heavy equipment When using a truck/tractor there needs to be a minimum of six people helping (hand signaler, driver, and anchors) Guyed towers are cheaper and easier to install

Griphoists
Good way to raise tower, can feel tension (but may need to adjust tension while raising tower) Tractels Super Pull-All is a great model If you are going to buy anything for wind turbine, buy a griphoist Better than hoists:
Readily portable Easier to control

Tower Conductors
Never hang from wind turbine leads On guyed towers, thread down mast and secure with strain relief Use in-line compression connectors for making vibration-proof connections between wind turbine leads and cables carrying power down tower

Wind-The Energy of the Future?

Winds Future
Growing demand for small turbines, especially in developing countries In rural areas it may be cheaper to install and maintain hybrid power systems than installing lightly used distribution lines Certification and standardized testing will improve technology Commercial wind power growth will advance small wind turbines as well

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