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CUBE FACTOR: hypothetical distribution that accounts for changes in wind speed (temperate climates use Rayleigh distribution for approximation)
http://www.bergey.com/Maps/World.Wind.Lg.htm
If resource measurements are not available by either direct measurement at site or from a nearby meteorological station, then a Rayleigh distribution is used.
Gipe (1999)
this calculation gives the annual kWh that your turbine will supply compare against load calculation
Types
3 blades Fiberglass or carbon fiber Tail vane that furls Heavier (weight of turbine relative to wind swept area), rugged turbine Permanent-magnet, induction alternator Micro-, mini-, household-size turbines
Off-the-Grid Applications
Gipe (1999)
Battery storage is expensive, use of both wind and solar energy works to offset this cost Improvements of inverter technology have made it easier to live off the grid with AC appliances DC Source Center eases the integration of the wind turbine, battery, and inverter
Village Power
Most rural areas worldwide fall beyond the utility network, leaving millions without access to electricity Hold the potential of a huge market for wind and solar hybrids Use the same components as off-grid systems in developed countries, but in areas where 1 kilowatt of energy goes a long way
Induction generators used to synchronize its voltage and current with those of the utility Modern inverters allow any battery-charging wind turbine to produce utility compatible electricity
If demand exceeds supply, energy is drawn from the utility to recharge the batteries If there is a surplus generation of electricity, the system can feed the excess back to the utility network
Ideally, these systems allow for the use of the utility as a battery Often run into problems because paid less than the cost of electricity To avoid a surplus, many have begun to match consumption with available wind or decreased the size of their turbine Net metering: allows individuals to run their kilowatt-hour meter backwards
Only offered in 22 states in the U.S Most states limit it to 10 kW, but in some the limit is higher
Appropriating Size
What are you power expectations?
Small vacation house? Compliment to PV panels? Add up you anticipated electrical usage with the sites wind availability to determine size of turbine needed Generally price per Kwh decreases with larger turbine diameters.but larger towers/turbines are more expensive to purchase
Choosing Economically
Do not only look at price, quality and reliability are very important in this sort of purchase. A good measure is the price of the turbine relative to the area swept by its rotor ($/m2 or $/ft2) NRELs cost performance ratio: purchase price/annual energy output
Tower Selection
Tower must be matched to turbine Critical to have an appropriate clearance between rotor blades and the tower Must be able to install and service turbine A low-cost and user friendly tower is the tilt-up, guyed tubular mast NRG makes a well-priced, reliable, and installation-easy friendly tower
Control Panels
Control panels are not essential for micro/mini turbines but can: -help one know how the turbine is performing -provide a brake switch -provide current protection *World Power provides an attractive control panel
Cutting Prices
Overall, it is hard to cut prices without sacrificing reliability Collective buying? The govt has done it Subsidies?
Generally only large scale operations are eligible There may be state-specific experimental technology subsidies available, check it out
Siting
Need Distance From Buildings/Trees -To avoid obstruction to wind, enhancing output -To reduce noise -30 feet above trees/houses recommended -Towers should be at least 30-60 feet tall
Siting Donts
Dont mount on roof because house acts an obstruction Dont mount on trees Urban wind doesnt work for practical purposes Dont put anchors, guy cables near traveled ways including roads and footpathsIf there are farm animal fencein these parts
Safety-Maintenance Musts
No loose long hair, loose clothing, or jewelry around turning shaft Halt all turbines before performing maintenance Never work beneath an operating turbine Service turbine regularly to increase life expectancy (twice a year, spring and fall)
Safety-Electrical Precautions
Disconnect power supply from turbine to avoid electricution Fuse all power sources to batteries Use caution when working with batteries
Tower Raising-Tilt up
Can be dangerous Truck or farm tractor can be effective in raising tower IF one has experience around heavy equipment When using a truck/tractor there needs to be a minimum of six people helping (hand signaler, driver, and anchors) Guyed towers are cheaper and easier to install
Griphoists
Good way to raise tower, can feel tension (but may need to adjust tension while raising tower) Tractels Super Pull-All is a great model If you are going to buy anything for wind turbine, buy a griphoist Better than hoists:
Readily portable Easier to control
Tower Conductors
Never hang from wind turbine leads On guyed towers, thread down mast and secure with strain relief Use in-line compression connectors for making vibration-proof connections between wind turbine leads and cables carrying power down tower
Winds Future
Growing demand for small turbines, especially in developing countries In rural areas it may be cheaper to install and maintain hybrid power systems than installing lightly used distribution lines Certification and standardized testing will improve technology Commercial wind power growth will advance small wind turbines as well