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SEE 4433 Power Electronics And Drives

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DR. MOHD JUNAIDI BIN ABDUL AZIZ

P07-211 junaidi@fke.utm.my
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONVERSION FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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Chapter 4:

DC to AC Conversion (Inverters)
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Overview

General concept Single-phase inverter (square wave and PWM) Harmonics Modulation

Three-phase inverter

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DC to AC Converter (Inverter)

DEFINITION: Converts DC to AC power by switching the DC input voltage (or current) in a pre-determined sequence so as to generate AC voltage (or current) output. General block diagram (VSI & CSI)
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS: Un-interruptible power supply (UPS), Industrial (induction motor) drives, Traction, HVDC

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Example of Inverter Application Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

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Example of Inverter Application Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

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Simple Square-wave Inverter

To illustrate the concept of AC waveform generation

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AC Waveform Generation

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AC Waveform Generation

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5th

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Harmonics Filtering
Output of the inverter is chopped AC voltage with zero DC component. It contain harmonics. An LC section low-pass filter is normally fitted at the inverter output to reduce the high frequency harmonics. In some applications such as UPS, high purity sine wave output is required. Good filtering is a must. In some applications such as AC motor drive, filtering is not required.
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Variable Voltage Variable Frequency Capability

Output voltage frequency can be varied by period of the squarewave pulse. Output voltage amplitude can be varied by varying the magnitude of the DC input voltage. Very useful: e.g. variable speed induction motor drive
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Output Voltage Harmonics / Distortion

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Harmonics cause distortion on the output voltage. Lower order harmonics (3rd, 5th etc.) are very difficult to filter, due to the filter size and high filter order. They can cause serious voltage distortion. Why need to consider harmonics? Sinusoidal waveform quality must match TNB supply. Power Quality issue. Harmonics may cause degradation of equipment. Equipment need to be de-rated. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is a measure to determine the quality of a given waveform.
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Total Harmonics Distortion (THD)

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V,

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Total Harmonics Distortion (THD)

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Fourier Series

Study of harmonics requires understanding of wave shapes. Fourier Series is a tool to analyze wave shapes.

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Harmonics of Square-wave (1)

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Harmonics of Square-wave (2)

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Spectra of Square Wave

Spectra (harmonics) characteristics:
Harmonic decreases with a factor of (1/n). Even harmonics are absent Nearest harmonics is the 3rd. If fundamental is 50 Hz, then nearest harmonic is 150 Hz. Due to the small separation between the fundamental an harmonics, output low-pass filter design can be very difficult. 21

Quasi-Square Wave (QSW)

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Harmonics control

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Quasi-Square Wave (QSW)

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Example :

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A full - bridge single phase inverter is fed by square wave signals. The DC link voltage is100 V. The load is R =10 and L = 10mH in series. Given : Inverter output freq = 50 Hz Calculate : a)the THDv using the "exact formula. b)the THDv by using the first three non - zero harmonics c)the THDi by using the first three non - zero harmonics

Repeat (b) and (c) for quasi - square wave case with = 30

a) 48.3 % b) 41.4 %

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Example :

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A single phase square-wave inverter has an R-L load with

R = 30 and L = 10 mH. The inverter output frequency is

500 Hz.

a) Determine the value of DC source to establish a load

current which has a fundamental frequency of 5 Arms. b) Determine the total harmonics distortion (THD) of load current for the first two non-zero harmonics. a) 241. 2 b) 15.2 %
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Example :

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27.3 %

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Halfbridge inverter

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Also known as the inverter leg. Basic building block for full bridge, three phase and higher order inverters. G is the centre point. Both capacitors have the same value. Thus the DC link is equally spilt into two. The top and bottom switch has to be complementary, i.e. If the top switch is closed (on), the bottom must be off, and vice-versa. Suitable for low power inverter. Big capacitor size and not economic, for high power rating.
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Shoot through fault and Dead-time

In practical, a dead time as shown below is required to avoid shootthrough faults, i.e. short circuit across the DC rail. Dead time creates low frequency envelope. Low frequency harmonics emerged. This is the main source of distortion for high-quality sine wave inverter.
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Singlephase, Full-bridge

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Full bridge (single phase) is built from two half-bridge leg. The switching in the second leg is delayed by 180 degrees from the first leg.
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Each leg (Red, Yellow, Blue) is delayed by 120 degrees. A three-phase inverter with star connected load is shown on the right

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Three-Phase Inverter

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Three phase inverter UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA waveforms

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Three Phase Inverter UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Waveforms (6 steps output VL-N)

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3-phase Inverter - Analysis

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Rtotal = R + R/2 = 3R/2

iTotal = Vs/Rtotal = 2Vs/3R Van = Vcn = iTotal.R/2 = Vs/3 Vbn = - iTotal.R = - 2Vs/3
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3-phase Inverter - Harmonics

Example: VDC = 100 V, Output fundamental frequency = 60 Hz, Load R-L series Y- connected with R = 10 ohm and L = 20 mH, determine the THDi.

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THDi is load dependent. The output voltage magnitude can only be controlled by VDC, and switching frequency controls the output frequency. Harmonics of order three and multiples of three are absent

Answer : THDi = 7 %

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Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

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Objective PWM - Control of inverter output voltage - Reduction of harmonics Disadvantages of PWM - Increase of switching losses due to high PWM frequency - Reduction of available voltage - EMI problems due to high-order harmonics Control of Inverter Output Voltage
- PWM frequency is the same as the frequency of Vtriangular

- Amplitude is controlled by the peak value of Vcontrol (Ma)

- Fundamental frequency is controlled by the frequency of Vcontrol
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Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

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Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Triangulation Method (Natural Sampling) Amplitudes of the triangular wave (carrier) and sine wave (modulating) are compared to obtain PWM waveform. Simple analogue comparator can be used.(Introduced by Scnohung & Stemmler) Basically an analogue method. Its digital version, known as REGULAR sampling is widely used in industry.(Introduced by Bowes)
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PWM Types

Natural (sinusoidal) sampling (as shown on previous slide) Problems with analogue circuitry, e.g. Drift, sensitivity, temperature, interference, etc. Regular sampling simplified version of natural sampling that results in simple digital implementation Optimized PWM PWM waveform are constructed based on certain performance criteria, e.g. THD. Harmonic elimination/minimisation PWM PWM waveforms are constructed to eliminate some undesirable harmonics from the output waveform spectra. Highly mathematical in nature Space-Vector Modulation (SVM) A simple technique based on volt-second that is normally used with three-phase inverter motor drive 46

Modulation Index, Ratio

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Modulation Index, Ratio

Modulation Index determines the output voltage fundamental component

Modulation ratio determines the incident (location) of harmonics in the spectra.

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Regular Sampling (Asymmetric)

Asymmetric and symmetric regular sampling

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Bipolar Switching

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Output voltage alternates between plus and minus the DC supply, i.e

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Unipolar Switching

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Extra Reading
http://sureshks.netfirms.com/ article/apfc2/apfc2.htm#31
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Unipolar switching

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Harmonics of bipolar PWM

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Harmonics of bipolar PWM

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PWM Spectra

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PWM Spectra Observations

The harmonics appear in clusters at multiple of the carrier frequencies . Main harmonics located at :

f = k.p.(fm)

where k = 1, 2, 3....

where fm is the frequency of the modulation (sine) waveform. There also exist side-bands around the main harmonic frequencies. Amplitude of the fundamental is proportional to the modulation index. The relation ship is given as:

V1= MIVin
The amplitude of the harmonic changes with MI. Its incidence (location on spectra) is not. When p >10, or so, the harmonics can be normalized. For lower values of p, the side-bands clusters overlap-normalized results no longer apply.
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Tabulated Bipolar PWM Harmonics

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Three-phase Harmonics

For three-phase inverters, there is significant advantage if MR is chosen to be: Odd: All even harmonic will be eliminated from the pole-switching waveform. triplens (multiple of three (e.g. 3, 9, 15, 21, 27...): All triplens harmonics will be eliminated from the line-to-line output voltage. By observing the waveform, it can be seen that with odd MR, the line-to-line voltage shape looks more sinusoidal. As can be noted from the spectra, the phase voltage amplitude is 0.8 (normalized). This is because the modulation index is 0.8. The line voltage amplitude is square root three of phase voltage due to the three-phase relationship
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Effect of Odd and Triplens

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P=8 not a multiple of 3 VRY high harmonics

p = 8, M = 0.6

P=9 Multiple of 3 VRY Low harmonics More Sinusoidal

p = 9, M = 0.6

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Spectra: Effect of Triplens

0.83 (Line to line voltage)

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p = 21, M = 0.8

Fundamental
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Comments on PWM scheme

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It is desirable to have MR as large as possible. This will push the harmonic at higher frequencies on the spectrum. Thus filtering requirement is reduced. Although the voltage THD improvement is not significant, but the current THD will improve greatly because the load normally has some current filtering effect.

However, higher MR has side effects:

Higher switching frequency: More losses. Pulse width may be too small to be constructed. Pulse dropping may be required.
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Example :

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Q. A single-phase full-bridge inverter supplies a load of 10 W in series with an inductance of 31.8 mH. The inverter is supplied by a 380 VDC source. (a) Sketch the inverter circuit as described above. (5 marks) (b) Calculate the rms value of the fundamental (n = 1) of the inverter output voltage assuming it is a square-wave. (3 marks) (c) Assuming a quasi square-wave output voltage waveform with a delay angle of 45, calculate the rms value of the fundamental and the two lowest order harmonics of the inverter output voltage. (5 marks) (d) Explain how the 7th harmonic of the inverter output voltage can be eliminated while maintaining the same rms value of the fundamental as obtained from (c). Then, plot the frequency spectrum of the inverter output voltage up to the 11th order (consider magnitude only). Label the important parameters clearly. (7 marks) (e) Suggest and then describe a switching strategy for the inverter power devices that can shift the lower order harmonics in the inverter output voltage to the higher order side. Provide diagrams if necessary to support your suggestion. (5 marks)
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The End of Chapter 4

Thank You
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