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Scientific Revolution For the next 150+ years, observations about nature
were made that could not easily be explained by the infinitely divisible matter concept
the mass of sodium chloride made must equal the total mass
of sodium and chlorine atoms that combine together
19.6 g NaCl
CO contains 1.33 g of oxygen for every 1.00 g of carbon . CO2 contains 2.67 g of O for every 1.00 g of C oxygen mass ratio mass of O combining with 1 g of C in CO 2.67 g mass of O combining with 1 g of C in CO2 = 1.33 g =2
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Practice Decide if each statement is correct according to Daltons model of the atom Copper atoms can combine with zinc atoms to make gold atoms
Water is composed of many identical molecules that have one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms
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J.J. Thomson
Believed that the cathode ray was composed of tiny particles with an electrical charge
He designed an experiment to demonstrate that the rays were particles by measuring the amount of force it takes to deflect their path a given amount
Thomsons Experiment
Investigating the effect of placing an electric field around tube 1. charged matter is attracted to an electric field 2. lights path is not deflected by an electric field
filled with low pressure gas
electrically charged plates (+) +++++++++++
Cathode
()
Anode
(+)
-------------
()
Power Supply
+
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Thomsons Results
cathode rays are made of tiny particles The particles have a negative charge because the beam always deflected toward the + plate The amount of deflection is related by the charge and the mass of the particles Every material tested contained these same particles The charge:mass ratio of these particles was 1.76 x 108 C/g The charge:mass ratio of the hydrogen ion is +9.58 x 104 C/g
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ionizing radiation
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Millikans Conclusions
Millikan determined that an electron (e) has a charge of 1.60 x 1019 C He combined his results with the ones from Thompsons experiments to determine the mass of an electron e charge charge to mass ratio
e mass =
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Radioactivity
In the late 1800s, Henri Becquerel and Marie Curie discovered that certain elements would constantly emit small, energetic particles and rays. [uranium, radium and polonium] These energetic particles could penetrate matter
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Radioactivity
Ernest Rutherford discovered that radioactive elements emit three different kinds of emissions
alpha, a, rays stream of particles with 4x the mass of H atom and a + charge
beta, b, rays made of particles with a mass ~1/2000th H atom and charge gamma, g, rays are energy rays high energy photons
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Polonium-214
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Rutherfords Results
Interpretation
nucleus containing protons and neutrons volume occupied by electrons
incoming a-particles
nucleus
Nuclear Atom
Atoms are composed of positive protons and neutral neutrons in the center (nucleus) held together by nuclear forces surrounded by a fuzzy cloud of electrons 26
Each element is identified by a unique chemical symbol, a one or two letter abbreviation of its name with the first letter capitalized and when needed the second lower case.
A Z
Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same atomic number (Z), but different atomic masses (A).
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12 6
13 6
14 6
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Atomic Mass
A mass spectrometer can measure atomic and molecular masses with great accuracy.
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Periodic Table
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alkali metals
Periodic Table
Transition Metals
Lanthanides Actinides
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Diatomic Molecules
These seven elements occur naturally as diatomic molecules containing two atoms: Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine
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Types of Formulas
Empirical formulas give the lowest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
Molecular formulas give the exact number of atoms of each element in a compound.
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Types of Formulas
Structural formulas show the order in which atoms are bonded. Perspective drawings also show the three-dimensional array of atoms in a compound.
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Ions
When atoms lose or gain electrons, they become ions. Cations are positive and are formed by elements on the left side of the periodic chart.
Anions are negative and are formed by elements on the right 39 side of the periodic chart.
Ionic Bonds
Ionic compounds (such as NaCl) are generally formed between metals and nonmetals.
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1 mole of C-12 weighs exactly 12 g The number of particles in 1 mole is called Avogadros Number (NA) = 6.0221421 x 1023
anything mol
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