Epidemic vs.

Pandemic occurs when an a global disease

infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people. In 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic took the lives of nearly 800 people worldwide. outbreak; HIV is an example of one of the most destructive global pandemics in history.

Pandemics
An influenza pandemic occurs when: A new subtype of virus arises, and humans have little or no immunity to it. Everyone is at risk. The virus spreads easily from person to person, such as through sneezing or coughing. The virus begins to cause serious illness worldwide. With past flu pandemics, the virus reached all parts of the globe within

Causative Agent
Influenza A virus subtype AH1N1, or commonly known as AH1N1 or swine flu

Causative Agent
Influenza can be classified as A, B, or C A found in many kinds of animals, including ducks, chickens, pigs, and whales, and also humans B widely circulates in humans C found in humans, pigs, and dogs and causes mild respiratory

Causative Agent
Influenza A virus is the most dangerous of the three. Influenza A is categorized into subtypes based on the 2 proteins on the surface of the viral envelope: H hemagglutinin N neuraminidase

Naming: Influenza type A subtype HxNx

Symptoms
Mild illness, fever, severe headache, body aches, sore throat, cough, runny nose and occasionally vomiting and diarrhea

HOW TO DISTINGUISH FROM ALLERGY or ORDINARY FLU Muscle pain, fever, vomiting

Pathogenesis: Origin A novel and emerging disease

It has two genes from flu viruses that normally circulate in pigs in Europe and Asia, and bird (avian) genes and human gene

Waterfowl (bird) + swine in Europe/Asia + swine in US + human

Pathogenesis: Transmission When an infected person coughs or

sneezes near a susceptible person, transmission occurs Requires close contact between the infected and recipient persons because droplets do not remain suspended in the air and travel short distances not more than 6 feet Contact with contaminated surface: may become infected by touching something

Pathogenesis: Infection: Invasion upper part of the respiratory

system
The hemagglutinin molecule has to be cut by enzymes in the body before it can enter human cells. Once cut, virus affects cells, causing the expression of the disease (symptoms such as sore throat occurs). This virus has a single cleavage site where this happens, causing only a mild infection in the respiratory tract

Vectors
Pigs and humans: the swine flu virus can be directly transmitted from pigs to humans, humans to humans, or humans to pigs. But despite the name of the virus, one cannot catch

Incubation Period
The incubation period of the influenza A (H1N1) strain, now estimated at about 1 to 5 days, is shorter and more like seasonal influenza than originally thought, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

Virulence Factors
Virulence factor: H1 and N1 The swine virus in 2009 was not more virulent than seasonal strains as it lacked an important molecular signature (the protein PB1-F2). This protein was present in the 1918 virus as well as the highly lethal H5N1 chicken virus. In reference to the common seasonal flu, it retained its virulence factors by its ability to rapidly

H1N1 vs. Seasonal Flu

The new H1N1 swine flu virus emerged in the spring of 2009. It is a novel virus, meaning that it is an infectious agent that humans have never been infected with. The seasonal flu is most threatening to those with weak immune systems, such as the very young and old, while the novel H1N1 virus appears to be a

H1N1(Swine Flu) vs. H5N1(Bird Flu)

Both are influenza A viruses but different haemagglutini n (H) and neuraminidas e (N).

Epidemiology
In 1918 pandemic Spanish Flu
First cases in US, January 1918 Infected 500 billion, more than 10% of which died

Epidemiology
WW1 Allies named it Spanish Flu since it gained greater press attention after it moved from France to Spain

Epidemiology
2009 - pandemic Influenza A (H1N1)
Return of the H1N1 virus Mexico, March-April 2009 then in US, and other countries June 2009 - WHO declared widespread on at least two continents H1N1 virus declared Phase 6 by WHO at August 2009 (pandemic) Said to be over in August 2010 In the Philippines, first case was a 10-year

Epidemiology
As of 2013, AH1N1 is still existent and is concentrated on the South American and African countries.

As an emerging disease...
Spreads rapidly (epidemic and pandemic) Novel disease

combination of different flu virus types (bird + swine + human gene)

Diagnosis
Very similar to seasonal influenza, only with vomiting, diarrhea and severe muscle pains Laboratory test to identify influenza A (H1N1) virus In the Philippines, the first case was confirmed via throat specimen testing

Treatment
Take antiviral medications as prescribed by doctor

Treatment
Stay in bed to recover (selfquarantine)

Prevention
Maintain proper hygiene (washing of hands for 10-20 seconds with detergent soap kills H1N1 virus) Increase bodys resistance

Prevention
Avoid close contact with infected people Wear face masks

Vaccine for influenza A virus

QUESTIO NS