Introduction To Convection Heat and Mass Transfer

ME 327(10) Introduction to Convection 1 of 51
Heat Transfer
Introduction to Convection Heat and Mass
Transfer
Convection Fundamental Concepts
-Convection Transfer

Consider the flow of a fluid past a flat surface.

The local heat flux is:

Where h is the local heat transfer coefficient (W/m
2
K). q
and h vary along the surface. The total heat transfer rate
over the entire surface is:
L
x
q T
s
, A
s
U
, T

( )
=
' '
T T h q
s
( )
= T T A h q
s s
where
}
=
L
0
hdx
L
1
h
Average
convection heat
transfer coefficient
Results similar to convection heat transfer may be
obtained for convection mass transfer when a fluid with
molar concentration C
A,
(kmol/m
3
) or density
A,

(kg/m
3
) for species A flows over a surface with uniform
concentration C
A,s
or density
A,s
for species A as shown
below:

The molar flux N
A
(kmol/m
2
s) and mass flux m
A
(kg/ m
2

s) are expressed, respectively as:
L x
N
A

C
A,s
, A
s
U
, C
A,
dx
( )
=
' '
, A s , A m A
C C h N ( )
=
' '
, A s , A m A
h m
Where h
m
= local convection mass transfer coefficient

A
= M
c
C
A
= density
M
A
= molecular weight of species A
Total molar transfer rate N
A
(kmol/s) and total mass transfer
rate m
A
(kg/s) are also expressed, respectively, as follows:

Where = average mass transfer coefficient, m/s

Assuming saturated state of species A at surface temperature
T
s
, the density
A,
may be obtained directly from
thermodynamic tables ( for water: table A.6(text))
At the corresponding saturation pressure P
sat
the molar
concentration may be obtained from equation of state for an
ideal gas

( )
=
, A s , A m A
C C h N ( )
=
, A s , A m A
h m
}
=
L
0
hdx
L
1
h
h
s
sat
s , A
RT
P
C =
Where R = universal gas constant
= 8.314 kJ / kmol K
Convection boundary layer
Convection can be forced or natural
It is due to the random motion of molecules (diffusion) and
the bulk motion of the fluid particles
Convection could be internal or external
Examples Airflow over wings, buildings, a bank of heat
exchangers (external)
1. The Velocity boundary Layer
Velocity B.L. Region with velocity gradient dU / dy 0
u o
x
Free Stream

U

y
o(x)
B.L.
U

s
t
t
Velocity gradient
due to shear
stress, t
o is the boundary layer thickness defined as the value of y at
which u = 0.99 U
. At y = o dU/dy and are negligible.

The local friction coefficient is calculated from:

The surface frictional drag, F
D
, is calculated using C
f
Assuming a Newtonian fluid,
s
is calculated from:

Where is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, and du/dy is the
velocity gradient perpendicular to the wall.

=
t
=
2
U
C
2
s
f
Wall shear .
Kinetic energy of fluid
0 y
s
y
u
=
c
c
= t
s
2
f
s s D
A
2
U C
A F

= t =
also
2. Thermal Boundary Layer
Thermal B.L. Region with temperature gradient dT/dy

o
t
is the thermal boundary layer thickness, defined as the
value of y at which:

x
T

y
o
t
o
t
(x)
U

T

T
s
Isothermal Surface
99 . 0
T T
T T
s
s
=

The local convective heat transfer coefficient may be
calculated by first finding q
s
from energy balance at the
surface. Fourier Law (No fluid motion at the surface,
conduction only)

For a constant surface temperature,T
s
T
s
- T
= constant
Since o
t
increases with x, T/y must decrease with x

Therefore h and q also decrease with x

0 y
s
y
T
k q
=
c
c
=
' '
( )
=
' '
T T h q
s s
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
T T
y
T
k
h
s
0 y
f
also
0 y
y
T
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
decreases with x Since

c
c
=
, A s , A
A
AB
m
C C
y
C
D
h

c
c
=
, A s , A
A
AB
m
y
D
h
Concentration Boundary Layer

Ficks Law

Where D
AB
or D
v
= mass diffusion coefficient, m/s
2
Mass diffusivity or mass diffusion coefficient has the same
units as thermal diffusivity, (m/s
2
)
As with heat transfer, we can write
x
y
o
c
o
c
(x)
U

C
A,s
Concentration
Boundary Layer
C
A,
C
A
C
A, Free Stream
Mixture
of A & B
y
C
D N
A
AB A
c
c
=
' '
y
D m
A
AB A
c
c
=
' '
Heat flux (q
x
)
Fouriers Law
Molar or Mass flux
Ficks Law
SUMMARY:
Three boundary layers:
Velocity B.L. (o)
Velocity distribution (V)
Wall friction (t)
Thermal B.L. (o
t
)
Temperature distribution (T)
Convection heat transfer (h, Nu)
Concentration B.L. (o
c
)
Concentration distribution (C)
Convection mass transfer (h
m
, Sh)
Problem 6.1
Laminar & Turbulent Flow & Reynolds Number
Convection transfer rates and surface friction depend on
whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. Laminar or
turbulent flow is determined by the value of Re
For internal flow: Reynolds Number (Re)

where Re
D,c
is the critical Reynolds number

For external flow: Reynolds Number (Re)

where Re
x,c
is the critical Reynolds number
=

x U
Re
x
5
c
c , x
10 5
x U
Re =
=

D U
Re
D
2300 Re
c , D
=

Laminar
Ordered fluid motion with identifiable streamlines on which
fluid particles move.
Turbulent
Irregular fluid motion with velocity fluctuations which increase
energy, mass, and momentum transfer. Larger o
t
with flatter
velocity, temperature and concentration profiles.
Transition Turbulent
Laminar
x
c
U

Regions in turbulent Boundary Layer
Turbulent region Transport mainly by
turbulent mixing
Buffer Zone Transport by diffusion and
turbulent mixing
Viscous or Laminar Sub layer Transport
by diffusion and linear velocity profile
Variation of Velocity B.L.
Thickness (o) and local heat
transfer coefficient (h) for flow
over an isothermal surface
h(x)
o(x)
x
h ,
Laminar Transition Turbulent
Problem 6.14
Boundary Layer Equations
Consider a steady , 2-D flow of a viscous incompressible
fluid in a Cartesian coordinate as shown below. We wish to
obtain a set of differential equations that governs the
velocity and temperature distributions in the fluid to solve
V, T, C and t (force), q (heat transfer), m (mass transfer).
x
T

Thermal B.L.
Concentration B.L.
Velocity B.L.
q
s

N
A,s

T

C
A,
C
A
y
T
s
o
t
o
C
C
A, s
Mixture of
A & B
dx
dy o
The equations are based on application of conservation
principles on a differential control volume of the fluid as
demonstrated below for conservation of mass over a control
volume:
The velocity Boundary Layer
Continuity equation
Conservation of mass over a control volume, in out = 0
u
v
y
x
( ) ( )
0
y
v
x
u
=
c
c
+
c
c
0
y
v
x
u
=
c
c
+
c
c
( )
dy
y
v
v
c
c
+
( )
dx
x
u
u
c
c
+ u
v
G u = = mass velocity (kg / m
2
s)
For an incompressible fluid where = constant:
See Appendix E for detailed development of conservation of
mass, momentum, energy and chemical species
The following differential equations are therefore obtained for
steady, 2-D flow for an incompressible fluid with constant
properties (, , c
v
, c
p
, k, etc.)
Continuity Equation: Conservation of Mass

Momentum Equation in x-direction: Velocity B.L.

Momentum Equation in y-direction: Velocity B.L.
0
y
v
x
u
=
c
c
+
c
c
X
y
u
x
u
x
P
y
u
v
x
u
u
2
2
2
2
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
Y
y
v
x
v
y
P
y
v
v
x
v
u
2
2
2
2
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
Where X = Body
force in x direction
X=g
x
Where Y = Body
force in y direction
Y=g
y
Energy Equation: Thermal B.L.

Viscous Energy Dissipation Equation

Species Transfer or Continuity Equation: Species
Concentration B.L.

q
y
T
x
T
k
y
T
v
x
T
u c
2
2
2
2
p

+ u +
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= u
2
2
2
y
v
x
u
x
v
y
u
A
2
A
2
2
A
2
AB
A A
m
y x
D
y
v
x
u

+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
A
2
A
2
2
A
2
AB
A A
N
y
C
x
C
D
y
C
v
x
C
u

+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
Where = viscous
energy dissipation
Approximations and Special Conditions
A most common situation is one in which the 2-D boundary
layer can be characterized as
Steady (time independent)
Incompressible ( is constant)
Having constant properties (, , k, etc.) with temperature
Having negligible body forces ( X = Y = 0)
Non-reacting (no chemical reaction) without internal heat
generation
In addition, since o is very small, the following B.L.
approximations apply:

|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
c
c
>>
c
c
x
v
,
y
v
,
x
u
y
u
v u >>
Velocity B.L.

This means that normal stresses in x-direction are negligible,
and the wall shear stress reduces to:

These simplification reduce the B.L. equations to the
following equations.
Continuity Equation:
x
T
y
T
c
c
>>
c
c
x
C
or
x y
C
or
y
A A A A
c
c
c
c
>>
c
c
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
= t = t
y
u
yx xy
0
y
v
x
u
=
c
c
+
c
c
Thermal B.L.
Concentration B.L.
Momentum equation in x-direction, and y-direction

The continuity and momentum equations can be used to solve
for the spatial variations of u and v.
Energy Equation:

Species Continuity Equation

2
2
y
u
v
x
P 1
y
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
0
y
P
=
c
c
2
p
2
2
y
u
c
v
y
T
y
T
v
x
T
u |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
o =
c
c
+
c
c
,
This can be used to
solve for the temperature
2
A
2
AB
A A
y
D
y
v
x
u
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
2
A
2
AB
A A
y
C
D
y
C
v
x
C
u
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
This can be used to solve for concentration variation
or
Boundary Layer Similarity and Normalized
Convection Equations
Examination of the simplified convection equations
repeated below shows a strong similarity between the
momentum equation and energy equation:

Similarly, there is a strong similarity between mass transfer
and momentum and energy equations as indicated below:
2
2
y
u
v
x
P 1
y
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
2
p
2
2
y
u
c
v
y
T
y
T
v
x
T
u |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
o =
c
c
+
c
c
Momentum equation
in x-direction for
velocities u and v
Energy equation for
temperature T
Diffusion Advection
2
A
2
AB
A A
y
C
D
y
C
v
x
C
u
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
Mass Transfer
Equation
Diffusion
Advection
Similarity Parameters for Boundary Layers
Dimensionless independent variables defined as:

Dependent dimensionless variables are:

The dimensionless independent and dependent variables may be
substituted in to the momentum and energy equations to obtain
dimensionless forms of conservation equations (see table 6.1)
Similarity parameters make it possible to apply results obtained for a
surface experiencing one set of conditions to geometrically similar
surfaces experiencing entirely different conditions.
L
x
* x =
L
y
* y =
Where L = characteristic
length for the surface
V
u
* u =
V
v
* v =
s
s
T T
T T
* T
=
s , A , A
s , A A
A
C C
C C
* C
2
V
P
* P
=
and
, ,
,
Where
V = Upstream velocity
C
A
= mass concentration
of species A

Dimensionless groups
1. Reynolds Number (Re)
Is the viscosity (kg / s m)
is the kinematic viscosity (m
2
/s)

2. Prandtl Number (Pr)

3. Nusselt Number (Nu) = The dimensionless temperature
gradient at the surface.

4. Stanton Number (St)

v
=
=
c c
VL VL
Re
k
c
Pr
p
=
o
v
=
0 * y
f
c
* y
* T
k
hL
Nu
=
c
c
= =
p
Vc
h
Pr Re
Nu
St
=
= Inertia Forces
Viscous Forces
= Momentum diffusivity
Thermal diffusivity
(A modified
Nusselt Number)
is the thermal diffusivity (m
2
/s)
5. Schmidt Number (Sc)

6. Sherwood Number (Sh) = Dimensionless concentration
gradient at the surface

In terms of dimensionless groups, the complete set of
dimensionless convection equations are therefore:
AB
D
Sc
v
=
0 * y
A
AB
m
L
* y
* C
D
L h
Sh
=
c
c
= =
Mass diffusivity
D
AB
= mass diffusivity (m
2
/s)
0
* y
* v
* x
* u
=
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
L
* y
* u
Re
1
* x
* P
* y
* u
* v
* x
* u
* u
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
Velocity (Continuity equation)
Velocity
(Momentum
equation)

Solution Forms:
2
2
L
* y
* T
Pr Re
1
* y
* T
* v
* x
* T
* u
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c
2
A
2
L
A A
* y
* C
Sc Re
1
* y
* C
* v
* x
* C
* u
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
=
* dx
* dp
, Re *, y *, x f * u
L 1
|
.
|
\
|
=
c
c
=
* dx
* dp
, Re *, x f
* y
* u
L 2
0 * y
0 * y
L
2
f
* y
* u
Re
2
2
V
C
=
c
c
=
t
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
* dx
* dp
Pr, , Re *, y *, x f * T
L 3
Thermal
(Energy Equation)
Mass Concentration
(Mass Diffusion
Equation)
Nusselt Number:

Convection mass transfer:
( )
( )
0 * y
f
0 * y
s
s f
* y
* T
L
k
* y
* T
T T
T T
L
k
h
= =
c
c
+ =
c
c
=
( ) L , V , , , c , k f h
p
=
0 * y
f
* y
* T
k
hL
Nu
=
c
c
= =
( ) Pr , Re *, x f Nu
L 4
=
( ) Pr , Re f
k
L h
Nu
L 5
f
= = ( ) Pr , Re , Nu f h
L
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
* dx
* dp
, Sc , Re *, y *, x f * C
L 6 A
( )
( )
0 * y
A AB
0 * y
A
, A s , A
s , A , A
AB
m
* y
* C
L
D
* y
* C
C C
C C
L
D
h
= =
c
c
+ =
c
c
=
Where h
m
= mass transfer coefficient, m/s (convection)
,
,
,
Sherwood Number:

Physical Significance of the Dimensionless Parameters
Reynolds Number

Inertia forces therefore dominate for large values of Re and
viscous forces dominate for small Re values. Viscous forces
dominate in laminar flow but become progressively less
important than inertia forces as Re increases.

0 * y
A
AB
m
* y
* C
D
L h
Sh
=
c
c
= =
( ) Sc , Re *, x f Sh
L 7
=
( ) Sc , Re f
D
L h
Sh
L 8
AB
m
= =
( ) ( ) L , V , , , c , D f Sc , Re , Sh f h
p AB L m
= =
L
2
2
2
1
Re
VL
L V
L V
F
F
=
=
= Inertia Forces
Viscous Forces
Prandtl Number, Pr

Large differences in Pr are associated with large variations in the
fluid viscosity, . The spectrum of Prandtl Numbers of fluids is
given below.

Normally

is the velocity B.L. thickness and
t
is the thermal B.L.
thickness.
k
c
Pr
p
=
o
v
=
Thermal diffusivity
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10

10
2
10
3
Liquid metals Gases Water
Light Organics
Oils
n
t
Pr =
o
o
Where n is a positive integer
For gases,

For liquid metals (very high k, low Pr)

For oils (very high , high Pr)

Mass transfer and Lewis Number, Le

Table 6.2 (text) lists several dimensionless parameters that
are generally relevant in heat and mass transfer

t
o = o
t
o << o
t
o >> o
n
c
Sc =
o
o
Pr
Sc
D
Le
AB
=
o
=
n
c
t
Le =
o
o



Boundary Layer Analogies
Heat and mass transfer analogy
Heat and mass transfer are analogous
Heat and mass transfer relations are therefore interchangeable
for a particular geometry
For example, it the form of relationship for a convection heat
transfer problem involving x*, Re, and Pr, that is f
4
(x*, Re, Pr) has
been obtained for a particular surface geometry, the results may
be used for convection mass transfer for the same geometry
simply by replacing Nu with Sh and Pr with Sc
The analogy can also be used to relate two convection
coefficients. By analogy:
( ) ( )
n
L 7 L 4
n
Sc
Sh
Re *, x f Re *, x f
Pr
Nu
=
'
=
'
=
n
AB m
n
Sc
D L h
Pr
k hL
=
n 1
p
n
AB
m
Le c
Le D
k
h
h

= =

Problem 6.46
Reynolds Analogy
When dP*/dx*= 0 and Pr = Sc = 1, the boundary layer equations
(momentum, energy and mass concentration) are exactly of the
same form.
If dP*/dx*= 0 then U
= V = upstream fluid velocity, and the

boundary conditions are also of the same form.
Solutions for U*,T*, CA* must also be of the same form.
It follows that:
Sh Nu
2
Re
C
L
f
= =
p
Vc
h
Pr Re
Nu
t S
=
'
V
h
Sc Re
Sh
St
m
m
=
=
(1)
Modified Nusselt Number
Mass Transfer Stanton Number
From (1) we have: Reynolds Analogy,

The Reynolds analogy can be used, provided these restrictions
are satisfied
dP*/dx* 0 , Pr 1 , Sc 1
In general application, the modified Reynolds analogy is:

Where j
H
, and j
m
are the Colburn j factor for heat and mass
transfer
Equations (2) and (3) are approximate for laminar flow, but
more accurate or valid for turbulent flow.
m
f
St St
2
C
= =
If one parameter is known, it can be
used to obtain others.
H
f
j Pr St
2
C
3
2
= =
m m
f
j Sc St
2
C
3
2
= =
For 0.6 < Pr < 60
For 0.6 < Sc < 3000
(2)
(3)
Evaporative Cooling: Simultaneous Heat &
Mass Transfer
As shown in the figure below, the Evaporative cooling
process of heat and mass transfer occurs when a gas
flows over a liquid surface.
There are numerous industrial and environmental
applications of evaporative cooling process.

In the evaporative cooling process the energy required for
evaporation of the liquid comes from the internal energy of
the liquid. As a consequence, the temperature of the liquid
reduces or cooling effect occurs
Liquid Layer (species A)
Gas Layer
(species B)
q
evap
q
add
q
conv
Latent and sensible heat exchange at a gas liquid interface
Under steady state operation, the latent energy lost by the
liquid must be replenished by energy transfer to the liquid from
its surroundings or by energy addition by other means (e.g.
electrical heating of the fluid
By energy conservation on a control surface on the liquid
surface, we have:
Where
q
evap
= evaporative cooling load

q
conv
= convection sensible heat transfer from the gas to the
liquid
q
add
= heat addition to the liquid
If there is no heat addition we have

Where
A,sat
is the saturated vapor density at the surface
temperature, T
s
.
evap add conv
q q q
' '
=
' '
+
' '
( )
fg s , s , A m fg a evap
h h h m q

=
' '
=
' '
( ) ( ) | |
s , s s , A fg m s
T h h T T h

=
expressed as:

Since by heat and mass transfer analogy, and for exponent n=1/3

With m
A
<< m
B
, the evaporative cooling effect may be
approximately calculated from
( ) | |
s , s sat , A fg
m
s
T h
h
h
T T

|
.
|
\
|
=
( )
( )
(
T T
T
Le c
h
T T
s ,
s
s sat , A
p
fg A
s
3
2
R
M
3
2
Le c Le c
Le D
k
h
h
p
n 1
p
n
AB
m
= = =

( ) ( ) | |
s , s sat , A
am p
fg A
s
P T P
T Le c
h
T T
3
2

~
R
M
( )
( )
( )
(
P
P
P
T P
Le c
h
T T
s , s sat , A
p
fg B A
s
3
2
M M
R = universal gas
constant
Where M
A
and M
B
are the molecular
weight of the species
A and B, respectively
or
or
Solution Methods in Internal and External
Convection Transfer
The primary objective in internal and external convection
transfer is to obtain convection coefficients for different flow
geometries. The convection coefficients are subsequently used
to obtain heat or mass transfer rates.
Solution methods in obtaining convection coefficients include:
Experimental or Empirical Method
Theoretical Method
Non-dimensionalized approach is generally followed, and the
local and average convection coefficients are generally
correlated by the following form of equations:
Heat Transfer
Mass Transfer
( ) Pr , Re *, x f Nu
x 4 x
=
( ) Pr , Re f Nu
x 5
x
=
( ) Sc , Re *, x f Sh
x 7 x
=
( ) Sc , Re f Sh
x 8
x
=
Experimental or Empirical Method
The empirical method involves heat and mass transfer
measurements and data correlation using appropriate
dimensionless parameters
For fixed Prandtl numbers for a given fluid, log-log plots of Re
versus Nu generally are straight lines as illustrated below (left).

The straight line plots may be represented by an equation of
the form:
n m
L
L
Pr Re C Nu =
Where C, m, n are independent
constants
Log-log plot of Re versus the ratio Nu / Pr
n
combine into a
single straight line for all the Pr as illustrated above (right).
The corresponding correlation equation for mass transfer
is of the form:

Where the independent constants C, m, and n are the
same as obtained for heat transfer for similar geometry
n m
L
L
Sc Re C Sh =
Theoretical method
Special case of exact solution to convection transfer equations
(example 6.4 in text)
Parallel flow or Couette flow is one of the situations where exact
solutions can be obtained for convection transfer equations. A
special case of parallel flow involves stationary and moving
plates of infinite extent separated by a distance L with the
intervening space filled by an incompressible fluid as shown
below:

With the assumption of steady state conditions, incompressible
fluid with constant properties, no body forces (I.e. X=0, and
Y=0), and no internal energy generation the convection transfer
equations reduce to the following:
Engine oil
Moving Plate
Stationary Plate
L
T
L
T
0 x,u
y,v
U
1. Continuity Equation
For incompressible fluid (= constant) and parallel flow
(v = 0) the continuity equation reduces to:

The x velocity component is therefore independent of x, and
the velocity field is said to be fully developed.
2. Momentum Equation
With u / v = 0, v = 0 and X = 0, the momentum equation
reduces to:

In parallel flow the pressure gradient P / x = 0, and the x-
momentum equation reduces to:
0
x
u
=
c
c
0
y
u
y x
P
0 = |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
0
y
u
2
2
=
c
c
Finally, the velocity distribution is given by:

3. Energy equation
For the 2-D, S.S. condition with y=0, energy generation q=0 and
u/x = 0 for fully developed temperature field, the energy
equation reduces to:

Integrating twice and solving, the temperature distribution is
given by:
0 ) 0 ( u = U ) L ( u =
U
L
y
) y ( u =
2
2
2
y
u
y
T
k 0 |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
( ) ( )
L
y
T T
L
y
L
y
U
k 2
T y T
0 L
2
2
o
+
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
2
2
b
L
y
1 U
k 2
T y T
B.C.s
T(0) = T
o
T(L) = T
L
T
b
= bearing Temp.
4. Surface Heat Fluxes
The surface heat fluxes are obtained from the temperature
distribution by applying the Fouriers Law:

At the bottom and top surfaces, the heat fluxes are respectively
given be:

5. Location of Maximum Temperature
The location of the maximum temperature may be found from
the requirement:
(

+
|
.
|
\
|

= =
' '
L
T T
L
y 2
L
1
U
k 2
k
dy
dT
k q
0 L
2
2
y
( )
0 L
2
0
T T
L
k
L 2
U
q
=
' '
( )
0 L
2
L
T T
L
k
L 2
U
q
+ =
' '
0
L
T T
L
y 2
L
1
U
k 2 dy
dT
0 L
2
2
=
+
|
.
|
\
|

=
( ) L
2
1
T T
U
k
y
0 L
2
max

(
=
The maximum temperature occurs in the fluid and there is heat
transfer to the hot and cold plates. The temperature distribution
is a string function of the velocity of the moving plate.
6. Viscous Energy Dissipation
The viscous energy dissipation was defined as:

With v = 0, and du/dx = 0, the viscous energy dissipation
equation reduces to:

For U = 0 there is no viscous dissipation, and the temperature
distribution is linear.
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= u
2 2
2
2
y
v
x
u
3
2
y
v
x
u
2
x
v
y
u
2
dy
du
|
.
|
\
|
= u

Introduction To Convection Heat and Mass Transfer

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Introduction To Convection Heat and Mass Transfer

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ME 327(10) Introduction to Convection 1 of 51

. At y = o dU/dy and are negligible.

ME 327(10) Introduction to Convection 8 of 51

decreases with x Since

= V = upstream fluid velocity, and the

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