Unit 1-Thermal Power Plants

Steam power plant Layout Boilers Pulverized coal burners Fluidized bed combustion

Power generating units are mega projects Require huge capital investment Require natural resources like !ossil !uels Large amount o! water "hanges the local eco system #uge $mpacts on the %nvironment and

Coal Mining

Sur!ace

&ining
Strip &ining

'nderground

&ining

Air Quality

(round the coal based plants the ambient concentrations o! Sulphur )io*ide +*ides o! ,itrogen and SP& are high%pidemiological Studies have shown that o! the area surrounding coal based thermal plants population living within a . /0 km radius o! the plant su!!ers !rom respiratory disorders 1wo other gases carbon dio*ide and ozone are emitted-21he high amount o! carbon dio*ide emission !rom thermal power plants contribute to global warming leading to climate change is signi!icant 3round level ozone which is !ormed due to photolytic reactions o! ,+* and its impacts are under study

Fly ash contains a to*ic brew o! dangerous chemicals and is the largest contributor to mercury pollution

"omposition o! Fly ash $t contains as main chemical components Si+. 405-6 wt78 (l.+9 4..-5 wt78 and Fe.+9 45:-. wt7; ignited weight basis8- (s commonly observed many to*ic elements and heavy metals are highly enriched in the !ly ash relative to the original coal- For e*ample considerable amounts o! Be 45<-6 ppm8 "u 45=< ppm8 >n 40:? ppm8 (s 46=-6 ppm8 "d 4.-< ppm8 #g 45? ppm8 Pb 4:5 ppm8 and ' 4.5-? ppm8 is !ound in Fly ash-

@ater slurry is used to take the ash !rom the power plant to the ash pond !or disposal-2 @ater slowly seeps into the ground while carrying with it the ash leach ate-2@ater may contain harm!ul heavy metals like boron which have a tendency to leach out over a period o! time-2 @hen !ly ash comes into contact with water leaches into groundwater supplies which get polluted and unsuitable !or domestic use-2 1he release o! ash pond decant into the local water bodies/ water dries up dust nuisance increases turbidity decreases primary productivity a!!ects !ishes and other aquatic biota

Coal Power Plant

Steam

Operation

1urbine 3enerator "ondenser

Is a series of steam turbines interconnected to each other and then a generator

Steam

Steam enters from the turbine generator and is pumped into the bottom of the condenser, where pumps recycle the condensed steam from the feedwater

Stack
Releases process emissions.

Introduction What is a Boiler?

Vessel that heats water to become hot water or steam At atmospheric pressure water volume increases 1,600 times Hot water or steam used to transfer heat to a process

Introduction
%$#A* $& +!&'#%%
#(HA %$ )A% V#"$

STACK

DEAERATOR

PUMPS
#'&"&*I.#!

V#"$

B&I,#!
BLOW DOWN SEPARATOR

B !"#!

WA$#! %& !'#

FUEL
BRINE CHEMICAL FEED

SOFTENERS

Figure: Schema ic !"er"ie# !$ a %!i&er r!!m

$/pes of Boilers

10 1ire $ube Boiler 20 Water $ube Boiler 30 +ac4a5ed Boiler 60 1luidi7ed Bed 81B'9 Boiler :0 %to4er 1ired Boiler 60 +ulveri7ed 1uel Boiler ;0 Waste Heat Boiler <0 $hermic 1luid Heater 8not a boiler=9

$/pe of Boilers 10 1ire $ube Boiler

!elativel/ small steam capacities 812,000 45>hour9 ,ow to medium steam pressures 81< 45>cm29 &perates with oil, 5as or solid fuels

$/pe of Boilers 20 Water $ube Boiler

sed for hi5h steam demand and pressure re?uirements 'apacit/ ran5e of 6,:00 @ 120,000 45>hour 'ombustion efficienc/ enhanced b/ induced draft provisions ,ower tolerance for water ?ualit/ and needs water treatment plant

$/pe of Boilers 30 +ac4a5ed Boiler

$o 'himne/

'omes in complete pac4a5e 1eatures Hi5h heat transfer 1aster evaporation )ood convective heat transfer )ood combustion efficienc/ Hi5h thermal efficienc/ 'lassified based on number of passes

&il Burner

$/pe of Boilers 60 1luidi7ed Bed 'ombustion 81B'9 Boiler

+articles 8e050 sand9 are suspended in hi5h velocit/ air streamA bubbling fluidized bed 'ombustion at <60B @ C:0B ' 'apacit/ ran5e 0,: $>hr to 100 $>hr 1uelsA coal, washer/ reDects, rice hus4, ba5asse and a5ricultural wastes BenefitsA compactness, fuel fleEibilit/, hi5her combustion efficienc/, reduced %&E F "&E

$/pe of Boilers

6a0 Atmospheric 1luidi7ed Bed 'ombustion 8A1B'9 Boiler

*ost common 1B' boiler that uses preheated atmospheric air as fluidi7ation and combustion air

6b0 +ressuri7ed 1luidi7ed Bed 'ombustion 8+1B'9 Boiler

'ompressor supplies the forced draft and combustor is a pressure vessel sed for co5eneration or combined c/cle power 5eneration

$/pe of Boilers

6c0 Atmospheric 'irculatin5 1luidi7ed Bed 'ombustion 8'1B'9 Boiler

%olids lifted from bed, rise, return to bed %team 5eneration in convection section BenefitsA more economical, better space utili7ation and efficient combustion

$/pe of Boilers

:0 %to4e 1ired Boilers

a9 %preader sto4ers
'oal is first burnt in suspension then in coal bed 1leEibilit/ to meet load fluctuations 1avored in man/ industrial applications

$/pe of Boilers :0 %to4e 1ired Boilers

b9 'hain-5rate or travelin5-5rate sto4er
'oal is burnt on movin5 steel 5rate 'oal 5ate controls coal feedin5 rate niform coal si7e for complete combustion

$/pe of Boilers 60 +ulveri7ed 1uel Boiler

+ulveri7ed coal powder blown with combustion air into boiler throu5h burner no77les 'ombustion temperature at 1300 -1;00 B' BenefitsA var/in5 coal ?ualit/ coal, ?uic4 response to load chan5es and hi5h preheat air temperatures

Ta'ge' ia& $iri'g

$/pe of Boilers <0 $hermic 1luid Heater

20 'irculated to user e?uipment
'ontrol panel Insulated outer wall #Ehaust

30 Heat transfer throu5h heat eEchan5ed

User equipment
60 1luid returned to heater

10 $hermic fluid heated in the heater

Blower motor unit 1uel oil filter

(E'erg) Machi'e I'*ia+