TELECOMMUNICATIONS

What is Telecommunications???
Tele means distant Communication means interaction of two entities. The process of transmitting or receiving information over a distance by any electrical or electromagnetic media

HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION

Invention of Radio Communication

Guglielmo Marconi (Father of todays mobile radio systems) born in Italy in 1874. first scientist who made the important breakthrough of redesigning the transmitter. He demonstrated transmissions over a range of few kilometres rather than just across the laboratory.

Further Enhancements
Invention of the thermionic diode in 1904. lead to practical high-vacuum triodes by 1912.
1. facilitating the use of narrower band transmissions. 2. making the transmission of speech a possibility.

Super-heterodyne receiver was developed by Armstrong & Fessenden in 1912. Armstrong had developed the concept of frequency modulation in 1933.

Further Enhancements Cntd....

The First World War fuels up the advancements in mobile communication. The need for smaller and lighter transmitters were felt for military purposes. After the First World War, the main impetus for developments came from broadcasting. The rapid increase in the number of radio stations resulted in a commercialization of receivers. It also resulted in efforts to coordinate the use of radio spectrum.

Further Enhancements Cntd....

The next step was the invention of transistor. Dramatically reducing size and power consumption of radio systems. By 1965, the first pocket-sized mobile phones were produced.

First Mobile System

Mobile Telephone Service (MTS). The first mobile phone service introduced by AT&T in 25 U.S. cities in 1946. not a cellular system. Operator intervention was required to set up calls.

Developments in MTS
MTS was followed by the Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), Still non-cellular system but allowed automatic call set-up using tone signalling.

Mobile Communication in Europe

In Sweden, the first European mobile radio system was introduced in 1955 by Televerket. In the U.K, the first commercial system, called System 1 introduced in 1965 in London was expensive, had limited capacity and many drawbacks. but was still heavily oversubscribed. The next variant, System 2,was never deployed. System 3 came with increased capacity.

1st Generation Cellular Communication

The cellular concept was first developed by Bell Labs in 1948 by AT&T. Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) was developed in America in 1978. In Europe 1st cellular system was Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) Was developed in Sweden in 1981 but mainly for Sweden, Denmark, Finland & Norway. U.K developed its own standard called Total Access Communication System (TACS) in 1985.

First Generation Cellular Systems

First Generation Cellular in USA 1983-Advance Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS) 666 duplex channels in 40 MHz allocation centered around 800MHz released in USA, each 30kHz wide Duopoly-based competition in major cities 1989-More frequencies assigned to meet growing demand, now 832 available. Still analogue, and still FM (very easy to eavesdrop)

First Generation Cellular Systems

First Generation Cellular in Europe Every Country has its own system and frequency allocation. Most based on 25 kHz channels Germanys C-540 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) developed in Sweden in 1981 but mainly for Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway NMT-450 (25kHz) and NMT-900 (12.5kHz) U.K developed its own standard in 1985 called TACS (Total Access Communication System- very similar to AMPS but 25 kHz) Invariably analogue and FM Many standards Duopolies popular, e.g. Vodafone (1982) and Cellnet (1983)

2nd Generation Cellular Systems

Unlike 1st generation systems, 2nd generation systems were digital. The use of digital technology has number of advantages
1. Increased Capacity 2. Greater Security 3. Advance services The most famous technology was GSM

Second Generation Cellular Systems

Spectral Efficiency-Needs ways to get more users in the same spectrum Security- All this embarrassing eavesdropping has to stop Better speech quality Additional services (SMS, paging, WAP) Co-ordinated system allowing international roaming in Europe Longer battery life (low power requirements)

Second Generation Cellular Systems

Second Generation Cellular in USA
Let the market decide! Each operator left to choose how to implement second generation. Most popular was IS-54, a FDMA/TDMA system with 30kHz channel and 3 user per channel There was also IS-95, a CDMA system, with 1250 kHz channels, and a variable number of users per channel Roaming difficult even within the country.

Second Generation Cellular Systems

Second Generation Cellular in Europe
The EU Decides for Everyone! CEPT (confrence Europan des Postes et Tlcommunication) commissioned to produce a panEuropean standard from scratch, and all governments in the EU assigned the same spectrum: 890-915 MHz (uplink) and 935-960 MHz (downlink) GSM was born (Global System for Mobile communication) 200 kHz channel chosen to allow high data-rate traffic European companies signed up to produce hardware, worked together on the standard, co-operation GSM is much more successful than IS-54 and IS-95

rd 3

Generation Systems

These systems are even more sophisticated in terms of

Capacity Security data rates & services.

The most important technology in this generation is UMTS which is in phase of deployment in many countries.

Future Enhancements
Research is carried on 4th generation systems. Main impetus for developments came from advancements in equipments & softwares. The issues from previous generations are being tried to get addressed. Due to advancements in voice encoders and sophisticated handover algorithms, these systems are bound to give better results.