MPA104

Mechanical Design Engineering Statics

Duncan Price IPTME, Loughborough University
Copyright: D.M.Price@lboro.ac.uk (2006)

Mechanics of Materials

Mechanics of Materials can be divided into three categories: Mechanics of Rigid Bodies
Statics bodies at rest Dynamics bodies in motion

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies Mechanics of Fluids

Statics

Statics is thoroughly used in the analysis of structures, for instance in architectural and structural engineering. Strength of materials is a related field of mechanics that relies heavily on the application of static equilibrium.

Course Content
12 Lectures:
1-5 Forces, springs Free body diagrams Resolution of forces (tutorial sheet) Equilibrants and resultants of forces (tutorial sheet) Class test (calculators needed) Levers, moments, reactions and centre of gravity (tutorial sheet) Online test

7 8-11 12

Newtons Laws

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1729) Principia 1687 Formulated three laws on which all conventional motion is based

Newton I

A particle remains at rest or continues to move at a constant speed in a straight line unless there is a constant force acting on it.
The most important law The one that most people dont understand The only one that doesnt have an equation

Newton II
The resultant force on a particle is equal to the rate of change of momentum of the particle.

d F mv ; dt

dv F m ; dt

F ma

The form F=ma is only valid if the mass is constant.

Newton III
The forces of action and reaction between interacting bodies are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

F AB F BA
The force of the Earth on the Sun has the same magnitude as the force of the sun on the earth The force of a tennis ball on a racket has the same magnitude as the force of the racket on the ball
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Newtons Law of Gravitation (1)

F = G M m / r2 Where: M & m are particle masses G is the universal constant of gravitation (6.673 x 10-11 m3/kg s2) r is the distance between the particles. F in Newtons (kg m/s2)

Newtons Law of Gravitation (2)

On Earth:
F=mg Where:

m is the mass of the body in question (in kg) g = 9.81 m/s2

10

Spring Forces (1)

If a spring is stretched from L0 to L it exerts a force on the object to which it is attached:

LO
F = K (L L0)

F L

K = spring constant = force required to stretch spring by unit length (N/m). K depends on spring material and design.

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Spring Forces (2)

F = K (L L0) is also known as Hookes Law: The force exerted by a spring is proportional to its extension.

Slope = F/ (L L0) = K
F

(L-Lo)

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Free body diagrams (1)

FBD is an essential step in the solution of all problems involving forces on bodies it is a diagram of the external surface of the body - not interested in internal forces all other bodies in contact with the one we are interested in are replaced by vectors

13

Free body diagrams (2)

mg R1 R2

Sketch of person standing

F=ma
R1+R2-mg=ma, but no acceleration so, R1+R2=mg

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Free body diagrams (3)

T

mg sketch free body diagram

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Free body diagrams (4)

Rules: clear sketches draw in the correct orientation show all forces acting on the body dont show any internal forces between different parts of the body show the forces not the components

16

Representation of a force by a vector

A force has the following characteristics: Magnitude Direction Point of application A quantity which has magnitude and direction is a vector. A quantity which has magnitude only is a scalar.

17

Vector addition
F1 F2

F3

These three forces act together on the particle. Their effect is equivalent to a single force which is the vector sum of the forces.
F1 F2 FT F3

FT is the resultant of the forces F1, F2 and F3

FT=F1+F2+F3

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Trigonometry (1)
Pythagoras Theorem:

A2 = B2 + C2
Internal angles of a triangle add up to 180

90 -
B

C
90

19

Trigonometry (2)
sine() = B/A cosine() = C/A tangent() = B/C

A
(hypotenuse) B (opposite)

C
(adjacent)

20

Trigonometry (3)
sin(45) = 1/2 = 0.707 cos(45) = 1/2 = 0.707 tan(45) = 1/1 = 1 sin-1(0.707) = 45 cos-1(0.707) = 45 tan-1(1) = 45 2 m 1m 45

45 1m

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Trigonometry (4)
sin(30) = 1/2 = 0.5 cos(30) = 3/2 = 0.866 tan(30) = 13 =0.577

60 2m 1m

sin(60) = 3/2 = cos(30)

cos(60) = 1/2 = sin(30) tan(60) = 3/1 = 1.73 Generally: cos() = sin(90- ) tan() = sin()/cos() sin2() + cos2() = 1

30

3 m

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Sine and Cosine functions

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -360 -315 -270 -225 -180 -135 -90 -45 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

sin()

cos()

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Tangent function
10 8 6 4 2 0 -90 -45 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 0 45 90

tan()

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Resolving forces (1)

Forces can be broken down into any number of component forces It is often convenient to choose two perpendicular directions for resolution
F = Fx+Fy
Fy

F
FX

F = (Fx2+Fy2)1/2
Scalar magnitudes

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Resolving forces (2)

F Fx Fx=F cos Fy=F sin =tan-1(Fy/Fx)
F1 F2

Fy

If the components are perpendicular, they may be added independently

FT=F1+F2+F3

F3

FTx=F1x+F2x+F3x

FTy=F1y+F2y+F3y

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Resolving forces (3)

Fy=500 sin 30 = 250 N 500 N

30

Fx=500 cos 30 = 433 N

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Resolving forces (4)

F2 = 50 N F1 = 200 N 80 30

FTx= F1x+F2x+F3x
= 200 50 cos 30 + 80 cos 80 = 171 N FTy= F1y+F2y+F3y = 0 50 sin 30 80 sin 80

F3 = 80 N

= - 104 N (i.e. downwards)

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Resolving forces (5)

Fx = 171 N FT= (Fx2+Fy2) = (1712 + 1042)

= 200 N
= tan-1(Fy/Fx) = tan-1(-104/171)

FT

= -31

Fy = 104 N

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Resolving forces (6)

B 30 C

75 A
100 N

horizontal components: FACcos75 = FABcos30

FAC = FAB(cos30/cos75)

vertical components: FACsin75 + FABsin30 = 100 N FAB(cos30/cos75) sin75 + FABsin30 = 100 FAB = 26.8 N FAC = 89.7 N

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Resultant

If two or more forces at a point they can be replaced by a single force known as a resultant.

31

Equilibrium

When two or more forces act upon a body and are so arranged that the body remains at rest or moves at a constant speed in a straight line*, the forces are said to be in equilibrium. * i.e. Newtons 1st law

32

Equilibrant

If two or more forces act at a point and are not in equilibrium a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to their resultant must be applied to restore equilibrium. Such a force is called the equilibrant.

33

Equilbrant and resultant

50 N
10 N

30 N 20 N e a ae = resultant
ea = equilibrant

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Y-hangs
A
90 C B Horizontally ACsin45 = BCsin45 AC = BC Vertically ACcos45 + BCcos45=750 N 750 N AC + BC =750 N/cos45 2 AC = 750 N/cos45 AC = 530 N = BC What happens if we change the angle?

35

Trusses (1)

One of the basic methods to determine loads in individual truss members is called the Method of Joints. Each joint is treated as a separate object and a free-body diagram is constructed for the joint.

36

Trusses (2)
Horizontal forces

500 N A

ABcos30 = ACcos45 AC = ABcos30/cos45 Vertical forces ABsin30 + ACsin45 = 500 N

30

45 C

ABsin30 + AB(cos30/cos45)sin45 = 500 N

AB = 366 N
AC = 448 N

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Trusses (3)
Horizontal forces BC = ABcos30 = ACcos45

= 316 N

A
366 N 30

Vertical forces at B

448 N
45 C

RB = ABsin30 = 183 N Vertical forces at C RC = ACsin45 = 317 N

Check
RB + RC = 183 N + 317 N = 500 N

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Moment of a force
The product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis.
F

d a

Moment about a = F d (units N m)

39

Principle of Moments (1)

If a body is at rest under the action of several forces, the total clockwise moment of the forces about any axis is equal to the anticlockwise moment of the forces about the same axis.

40

Principle of Moments (2)

60 N b 2m 1.5 m yN
Moments about a: 60 2 = x 1.5
x = 120/1.5 = 80 N Moments about b: (2 + 1.5) 80 = 2 y y = 280/2 = 140 N (ignoring mass of beam) Or more simply: y = 60 + 80 = 140 N

xN

41

Principle of Moments (3)

60 N b 1.75 m 2m 49 N 1.5 m yN Now let the beam weigh 5 kg Additional force of 49 N acting centrally. Moments about a: (60 2) + (49 0.25) = x 1.5 x = 144.5/1.5 = 88.2 N xN

Reaction of support y = 60 + 49 + 88.2 = 197.2 N

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Principle of Moments (4)

1.75 m 0.5 m b 1.5 m 49 N a 1.5 m

xN

yN

Now support the unloaded beam at a and b: Moments about b: 49 1.25 = y 1.5 y = 61.25/1.5 = 40.83 N Therefore x = 49 40.83 = 8.17 N

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Principle of Moments (5)

1.75 m 0.5 m b 1.5 m 49 N a 1.5 m c

xN

yN

zN

Now support the unloaded beam at a, b and c: Moments about b: 49 1.25 = y 1.5 + z 3 Moments about a: 49 0.25 = x 1.5 - z 1.5 Moments about c: 49 1.75 = x 3 + y 1.5

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Principle of Moments (6)

1.75 m 49 N 1.75 m c

zN
Now support the unloaded beam at c only

45

Centre of Gravity (1)

The centre of gravity of an object is a point at or near the object through which the resultant weight of the object acts.

46

Centre of Gravity (2)

If a vertical line through the centre of gravity falls outside the base upon which the body relies for stability, overturning will result, unless precautions, such as tying the base down, are taken.

47

Centre of Gravity (3)

For a rectangle or square, the centre of gravity occurs at the centre of the section.

48

Centre of Gravity (4)

For a triangular section the centre of gravity occurs at a point 1/3 of the height from the base.

49

Centre of Gravity (5)

For a circular section the centre of gravity occurs at the centre of the circle.

50

Centre of Gravity (6)

To determine the centre of gravity for a compound section: 1. Divide the section into several parts (i.e. rectangles and triangles, circles) so that the centre of gravity of each individual part is known. Determine the area and position of centre of gravity of each part. Take moments about a convenient axis to determine the centre of gravity of the whole body.

2. 3.

This is based on the principle that, along any one axis (or in any one direction):

when the distance is measured from the same point in each case.

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Centre of Gravity (7)

Determine the position of the centre of gravity of the L-section shown below:

0.75 m 0.5 m 0.5 m

1m

52

Centre of Gravity (8)

Divide up section into two rectangles, identify c.o.g of each relative to O and calculate area.
0.25 m
0.625 m

Area 2 = 0.125 m2

0.5 m

Area 1 = 0.5 m2
0.25 m

O
Total area = 0.625 m2

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Centre of Gravity (9)

0.25 m

0.125 m2

Let X = location in X axis of c.o.g

0.5 m

0.5

m2

0.625 X = 0.50.5 + 0.1250.25

X = 0.45 m

O
Total area = 0.625 m2

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Centre of Gravity (10)

0.125 m2
0.625 m

0.5 m2
0.25 m

Let Y = location in Y axis of c.o.g 0.625 Y = 0.125 0.625 + 0.5 0.25

Y = 0.325 m

O
Total area = 0.625 m2

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Centre of Gravity (11)

Now let us drill a hole in the object, where is the new centre of gravity?

0.4 m

Area 3 = 0.12564 m2

0.25 m

Total area = 0.49936 m2

0.25 m

56

Centre of Gravity (12)

Find new X and Y:
0.49936 X = 0.50.5 + 0.1250.25 0.125640.25
0.25 m 0.12564 m2

X = 0.5 m
0.49936 Y = 0.50.25 + 0.1250.625 0.125640.25 Y = 0.344 m

Total area = 0.49936 m2

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Centre of Gravity (13)

Another example:

58

Centre of Gravity (14)

Divide the section up into rectangles and triangles:

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Centre of Gravity (15)

Select the first solution (but either method would give the same answer).
Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 3x1.5/2 4x1.5 3x1.0 = = = Total = 2.25m2 6.00m2 3.00m2 11.25m2

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Centre of Gravity (16)

Select two axes A-A and B-B, at the extreme edge of the figure. The distance to the centre of gravity of each section can then be calculated from these axes.

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Centre of Gravity (17)

Let X be the horizontal distance to the centre of gravity of the whole figure measured from A-A and Y be the vertical distance to the centre of gravity of the whole figure measured from B-B.

Taking moments about A-A: 11.25X = (2.25x2.25)+6.0x2.25)+(3.0x1.5) = 5.6+13.5+4.5 = 23.6 X = 23.6/11.25 = 2.1 m

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Centre of Gravity (18)

Taking moments about B-B: 11.25Y = (2.25x6.0) + (6.0x3.0) + (3.0x0.5) = 13.5 + 18.0 + 1.5 = 33.0 Y = 33.0/11.25 = 2.9m

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Centre of Gravity (19)

X
3m
1.5 m

Now let us support the section at the middle and far right What is the ratio of forces on each support?
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Centre of Gravity (20)

Moments about Y. 1.5 RX = 0.9 RX = 0.6
X
3m 1.5 m

therefore RY = 0.4

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