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Aziz Objective: The student will learn to differentiate between different types of seismic velocity and how they find these types of velocities indirectly from reflection arrival time (slope of Time-Distance curve) or directly from either well shooting or up-hole survey. In addition, they get idea about how suitable velocity is selected for certain subsurface situation. Scientific contents
1- Factors effecting seismic velocity. 2- Methods of computing seismic velocities. 3- Different types of seismic velocities.
References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
An introduction to applied and environmental geophysics, 1997, Reynolds, J. M. Applied and environmental geophysics, 1999, Sharma,V.,P. Introduction to geophysical prospecting, 1988, Durbin, M. B. www.Geophysics.net http://pangea.stanford.edu/courses/gp262/Notes/8.SeismicVelocity.pdf
There are several factors have great effect on the seismic velocity
1- Density and elastic properties of the rocks 2- Porosity () = Volume of pores Volume of rocks
Travel time through porous rock= Travel time through rock material + Travel time through fluid
t
t1 = t = Vf Vf
t1
t2
1- Vm
One Unit
t1, Vf t t2, Vm
t2 =
1/6
* *
T T
1/6
Rock Matrix
Pores / Fluid
V = K * Z
1/6
1/6
Density vs Water Saturation - Porosity = 33% Densities: Oil = 0.8 Gas = 0.001
2.2
Oil Case
2.1
Density
2 1.9
Gas Case
1.8 1.7 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Water Saturation 1
Oil or Gas Gas 100% Oil
100% Water
Clay
Gypsum 6- Type of waves Vp = 1.7 Vs and
, Vp = 2500 m/Sec
, Vp = 7000 m/Sec
VR = 0.9 Vs
h2
B- Up hole survey
Lateral view
We x ll h1
Top view
Velocity = h / T
h2
Lateral view
Top view
2- In-Direct Method
A- Reflection arrival time It is find by plotting t2 versus distance of geophones x2
t2
x2
t b
x2 2 tx t o 2 vst .
vstack vRMS
2- Root mean square velocity: If subsurface made of horizontal layers with interval velocities v1,v2,v3, and one way time t1, t2, t3,, VRMS gives by the following formula:
vRMS
v1 t1 v2 t2 v3 t3 ... t1 t2 t3 ...
2 2 2
Surface t1 t2 t3
v1 v2 v3
Note:
1- RMS velocity is usually higher than average velocity by approximately %5. 2- RMS velocity map gives a first indication of velocity variations. 3- Average Velocity: It is usually obtained from well velocity surveys.
t1 t2 t3
Surface Z1
Z2 Z3
4- Interval Velocity:
It is average velocity within a certain bed or layer , usually obtained from sonic log survey.
.For layer 2
t1
t2
.For layer 3
Surface Z1 Z
2
t3 Layer 2 Layer 3
Z3
5- Instantaneous Velocity: It is average velocity at a certain point within a layer or a geological formation. Surface vInst. 2785 m / Sec. Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3