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Analysis helps in predicting Shear stress Heat transfer Mass transfer Flow Separation In this course we are interested in Shear stress Flow Separation
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As a fluid flows over a surface: The fluid because of its viscosity, exerts a tugging force in direction of its motion on the surface As per Newton third law an equal and opposite tangential force acts on the body surface . This force per unit area is called the shear stress. Which results in to Skin Friction Drag
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As a fluid flows over a surface with adverse pressure gradient i.e. pressure increases in direction of flow separates because of combine effect of Friction And Adverse pressure gradient Flow separation causes Pressure Drag
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The boundary layer thickness, , is typically defined as the distance y from the surface at which u 0.99u. the boundary layer region, in which the viscous effects and the velocity changes are significant,
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Shear Stress
The fluids that that obey the linear relationship above are called Newtonian fluids
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Note that for the special case of Ts = 0, we have T = 0.99T at the outer edge of the thermal boundary layer, which is analogous to u = 0.99u for the velocity boundary layer.
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Reynolds Number
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Turbulent flow is characterized by random and rapid fluctuations of groups of fluid particles, called eddies, throughout the boundary layer. These fluctuations provide an additional mechanism for momentum and heat transfer. In laminar flow, fluid particles flow in an orderly manner along streamlines, and both momentum and heat are transferred across streamlines by molecular diffusion. In turbulent flow, the transverse motion of eddies transport momentum and heat to other regions of flow before they mix with the rest of the fluid and lose their identity, identity, greatly enhancing momentum and heat transfer. As a result, turbulent flow is associated with much higher values of friction and heat transfer coefficients
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The mean value of a property at some location is determined by averaging it over a time interval that is sufficiently large so that the net effect of fluctuations is zero. Therefore, the time average of fluctuating components is zero, e.g.,
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Where
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Exact Solutions Couette flow Poiseuille Flow Approximate Solutions Boundary Layer Numerical Solutions
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Couette Flow
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Poiseuille Flow
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Poiseuille Flow
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Poiseuille Flow
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Poiseuille Flow
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Poiseuille Flow
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Poiseuille Flow
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Poiseuille Flow
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Poiseuille Flow
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BOUNDARY LAYER
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Displacement Thickness
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Basic Assumption
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BL approximations
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BL Equations
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Numerical Solution
Numerical Solution
Gives skin friction or drag
Gives BL thickness
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BL Thickness
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Where x is the distance from the leading edge of the plate and Rex is the Reynolds number at location x. Note that Cf, x. is proportional to x-1/2 for laminar flow. Therefore, Cf, x is supposedly infinite at the leading edge (x 0) and decreases by a factor of x-1/2 in the flow direction.
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