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CM 197
Topics
Introduction Types of Beams Types of Loading Beam Reactions Shear Force and Bending Moment in Beams Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams Relationships Among Load, Shear, and Moment Sketching Shear and Moment Diagrams Using Relationships Shear and Moment Formulas
Introduction
Beams are members that carry transverse loads and are subjected to bending.
Any structural member subjected to bending may be referred to as a beam.
Shafts, girders, stringers, floor beams, joists, etc.
Objective of chapter
Determine the internal forces at various sections along a beam.
Review Types of beams and supports. Calculation of beam sections. Calculation of internal forces (shear and moments) in the beam. Produce graphical representations of shear and bending moments.
Assumptions
Beams are straight and of uniform cross sections that possess a vertical plane of symmetry. Fig 13-1 Horizontal positions Subjected to forces applied in the vertical plane of symmetry.
Plane of symmetry
Hinge supports
Resists motion of the beam at the support in any direction on the plane of loading. Have two unknown Reaction forces- Rx and Ry
Rx
Ry
Fixed supports
Beam is built into wall or column. End of beam is fixed and doesnt move. Have two unknown Reaction forces, Rx and Ry, and one unknown Moment, M
Rx
M Ry
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Types of Beams
Beams
Simple Beam (Statically Determinate- 3 unknowns)
Beam supported at its end with a hinge and a roller
Types of Loading
Loading
Concentrated Loads
Load is applied at a specific point on the beam and is considered a discrete force acting at the point. Example, weight fastened to a beam by a cable that applies a concentrated load.
Uniform Loads
Load is distributes over a part or the entire length of the beam. Load is force per unit length of beam (lb/ft or N/m) Replaced with equivalent force = uniform load times length of beam Example, weight of beam.
Beam Reactions
Beam Reactions
Review of Chapter 3 Procedure
Write three independent equilibrium equations to solve for the three unknowns. Three equations could be combinations of force-component or moment equations, as long as they are independent of each other. This chapter assume no horizontal forces. Thus reaction force in horizontal direction is zero. Assume, sum of forces in x direction is 0, thus the horizontal reaction is 0.
Beam is 10 ft long with roller support on the right and hinge support on left. Beam is subjected to two concentrated loads. Results For cross section at 3 feet from the left, the forces and moments need to be balanced. Balance the forces and moments at each section Normal forces: Rx = 0; Ry =150 pounds; Shear force: V = 150 100 = 50 lbs; Moment is acting clockwise and = 3*150 100*2 = 250lb-ft; Internal resisting moment moment has to be equal and opposite of moment and acting opposite direction. M = 250ft-lb counterclockwise. For results for cross section from the right, the forces and moments are calculated in the same manner.
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Positive Shear
Shear force at a section is positive if the external forces on the beam produce a shear effect that ends to cause the left side of the section to move up relative to the right side. Fig 13-8a
Positive Moment
Bending moment at a section is positive if external forces on the beam produce a bending effect that causes the beam to concave upward at the section. Fig 13-8b
Positive internal shear force, V, at a given section of a beam viewed from both directions is shown in Fig 13-8c. Positive internal moment M at a given section of a beam viewed from both directions is shown in Fig 13-8d.
If the shear diagram crosses the horizontal line (at zero shear) then it has a maximum or minimum moment at that point. Example 13-5
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Start at left end and compute shear at controlling sections using Eqn 13-5 VB = VA + LoadB-A
Note: Section with concentrated force is applied, shear force diagram has an abrupt change at concentrated load location.
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Start at the left end and compute the moments using Eqn 13-7, MB = MA + AreaB-A Plot points on moment diagram using previous moments and areas at each section
Connect points with straight lines (for concentrated loads) or curves (for distributed loads) Note: Maximum or minimum of moment occurs at the location where the shear is = 0 or where the shear changes sign.
Procedure
Match the loading conditions to one or more loading examples in Table 13-1
Get the loading solutions from the example and use it in problem for Reaction forces, Maximum shear, maximum moments, etc.
Method of superposition
Effect of each load is computed separately and the then combined effect is added algebraically.