Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
A measure of how easily a fluid (e.g., water) can pass through a porous medium (e.g., soils)
water
1. Kinetic energy
- due to velocity
fluid particle
2. Strain energy
- due to pressure
datum
3. Potential energy
- due to elevation (z) with respect to a datum
4
Velocity head +
Total head =
fluid particle
Pressure head +
datum
Elevation head
For flow through soils, velocity (and thus velocity head) is very small. Therefore,
Velocity head +
Total head =
fluid particle
Pressure head +
datum
Elevation head
Total head = Pressure head + Elevation head
Energy is dissipated in overcoming the soil resistance and hence is the head loss.
water B
Hydraulic gradient (i) between A and B is the total head loss per unit length.
TH A TH B i l AB
length AB, along the stream line
water B
In laminar flow each particle travels along a definite path which never crosses the path of other particles In turbulent flow the paths are irregular and twisting, crossing and recrossing at random. Since pores of most soils are small, flow through them is invariably laminar
10
Unsaturated Soil
Flow of water
u w ( P) h ( P) z( P ) w
P
(1)
Note
z(P)
z is measured vertically up from the datum
Datum
2m
1m X 1m Impermeable stratum P 5m
2m
1m X 1m Impermeable stratum P 5m
2m
1m X 1m Impermeable stratum
4 w 1
2m
1m X 1m Impermeable stratum
4 w 1 4 w 1 5m w
h( P)
2m
1m X 1m Impermeable stratum P 5m
2m
1m X 1m Impermeable stratum P 5m
2m
1m X 1m Impermeable stratum P 5 m thus
w 4
w 4 5m
2m
1m X 1m Impermeable stratum P 5 m thus
w 4
w 4 5m
The heads at P and X are identical does this imply that the head is constant throughout the region below a static water table?
2m
1m X 1m Impermeable stratum P 5m
2m
1m X 1m Impermeable stratum P 5m
u w ( P) =
2m
1m X 1m Impermeable stratum P 5m
u w ( P) = z( P) =
2m
1m X 1m Impermeable stratum P 5m
u w ( P) = z( P) thus h( P) = =
- 4 = 0m
u w ( X) 1 w
1m Impermeable stratum
u w ( X) 1 w z( X) 1
1m Impermeable stratum
u w ( X) 1 w z( X) 1
thus h ( X)
1m Impermeable stratum
w 1 0m w
u w ( X) 1 w z( X) 1
thus h ( X)
1m Impermeable stratum
w 1 0m w
Head
The value of the head depends on the choice of datum
Head
The value of the head depends on the choice of datum
Differences in head are required for flow (not pressure)
Head
The value of the head depends on the choice of datum
Differences in head are required for flow (not pressure)
2m 1m X 1m Impermeable stratum P 5m
It can be helpful to consider imaginary standpipes placed in the soil at the points where the head is required
Head
The value of the head depends on the choice of datum
Differences in head are required for flow (not pressure)
2m 1m X 1m Impermeable stratum P 5m
It can be helpful to consider imaginary standpipes placed in the soil at the points where the head is required
The head is the elevation of the water level in the standpipe above the datum
Soil Sample
DL
Darcy found that the flow (volume per unit time) was
proportional to the head difference Dh proportional to the cross-sectional area A inversely proportional to the length of sample DL
Darcys Law
Thus Dh Q kA DL
(2a)
Darcys Law
Thus Dh Q kA DL
(2a)
where k is the coefficient of permeability or hydraulic conductivity. Equation (2a) may be written as
Q k Ai
Darcys Law
Thus Dh Q kA DL
(2a)
where k is the coefficient of permeability or hydraulic conductivity. Equation (2a) may be written as
Q k Ai
or where i = Dh/DL v = Q/A v=ki (2b)
40
Measurement of permeability
Standpipe of cross-sectional area a
porous disk
H Sample H2 L of area A
H1
H kA L
L Sample of area A
H1 H H2
H kA L
L Sample of area A
H1 H H2
(4a)
kA t aln( H ) L
(4b)
Sample of area A
H2
aL ln( H1 / H 2 ) k A t 2 t1
(4c)
Homogeneous Clays
Typical Permeability Ranges (metres/second) Soils exhibit a wide range of permeabilities and while particle size may vary by about 3-4 orders of magnitude permeability may vary by about 10 orders of magnitude.
vx where
C
k Hix h ( C ) h ( B) (5a) Dx kH h x
Dz
B O
ix and thus
x
Dx
vx
Dz
B O
vz
C x
k V i z
Dx
Valid for saturated soil samples under laminar flow Any flow with a Reynolds number less than one is clearly laminar. Experimental tests have shown that flows with Reynolds numbers up to 10 may still be Darcian, as in the case of groundwater flow.
Reynolds number
52
Permeant Fluid Properties Soil Characteristics 1. Grain-size 2. Void ratio 3. Degree of saturation 4. Presence of entrapped air and other foreign matter.
53
Dam
z
Soil
Flow
Impermeable bedrock
vz
C
vx
Soil Element A
Dx
(6a)
For steady state seepage the net flow in will be zero, thus
v x v z 0 x z
(6b)
vz
C
vx
Soil Element A
Dx
(6a)
For steady state seepage the net flow in will be zero, thus
v x v z 0 x z
(6b)
Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation
v x v z x z
0 (6b)
Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation
v x v z x z
0 (6b)
+
Darcys Law
Darcy's Law
+
vx vz h k H x h k V z
(5)
Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation
v x v z x z
0 (6b)
+
Darcys Law
Darcy's Law
+
vx vz h k H x h k V z
(5)
Flow equation
h h ( k H ) ( k V ) 0 (7b) x x z z
Flow equation
h h (k H ) (k V ) 0 x x z z
(7b)
Flow equation
h h (k H ) (k V ) 0 x x z z
(7b)
h h kH 2 kV 2 0 x z
2 2
(7c)
Flow equation
h h (k H ) (k V ) 0 x x z z
(7b)
h h kH 2 kV 2 0 x z
2 2
(7c)
h h 2 0 2 x z
2 2
(7d)