INTRODUCTION OF PARASITOLOGY

dr. RONALD TAMBUNAN, MKT

PREFACE
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ALL ANIMAL & PLANT FORMS ORIGINATED AND DEVELOPED AS FREE-LIVING ORGANISMS THAT WERE OBLIGED TO COMPETE WITH OTHERS FOR THEIR EXISTENCE. AMONG THIS GROUP WERE MANY SPECIES IN DIFFERENT PHYLA OF THE ANIMAL & PLANT KINGDOMS THAT CAME TO DEPEND ON THEIR ASSOCIATES FOR SHELTER AND FOOD.
DEPARTEMENT OF PARASITOLOGY METHODIST MEDICAL SCHOOL

PREFACE (contd.)
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IN SOME INSTANCES, THE REMARKABLE ADAPTATIONS SUGGEST THAT THIS INTER-RELATIONSHIP HAS EXISTED FOR A LONG TIME, PROBABLY THOUSAND OF YRS. OTHER GROUPS OF PARASITES APPEAR TO HAVE MORE RECENTLY ACQUIRED A PARASITIC MODE OF LIFE, & A FEW OF THESE HAVENT YET BECOME IRREVERSIBLY COMMITTED TO PARASITISM. STILL OTHERS ARE ONLY NOW DEVELOPING THE EARLIEST ADAPTIONS TO PARASITISM DEPARTEMENT OF PARASITOLOGY METHODIST MEDICAL
SCHOOL

TERMS
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PARASITOLOGY: AREA OF BIOLOGY CONCERNED WITH THE PHENOMENON OF DEPENDENCE OF ONE LIVING ORGANISM ON ANOTHER SYMBIOSIS: CLOSE ASSOCIATION OF 2 LIVING ORGANISM COMMENSALISM: ONE LIVING ORGANISM DERIVES BENEFIT WITHOUT RECIPROCATING & WITHOUT INJURY TO ANOTHER
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TERMS (contd.)
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MUTUALISM: THE RELATIONSHIP IS BENEFICIAL TO BOTH ASSOCIATES PARASITE: LIVES ON OR IN ITS HOST HOST: USSUALY A LARGER ORGANISM THAT PROVIDES PHYSICAL PROTECTION & NOURISHMENT VECTOR: HOST THAT TRANSMITS PARASITES TO MAN
DEPARTEMENT OF PARASITOLOGY METHODIST MEDICAL SCHOOL

TERMS (contd.)
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BIOLOGIC VECTOR: ESSENTIAL IN THE LIFE CYCLE PHORETIC/MECHANICAL VECTOR: NOT ESSENTIAL PREDATOR: ATTACK & KILL IN ORDER TO OBTAIN FOOD WEAKER OR SMALLER LIVING ORGANISM PREY: ATTACKED & KILLED BY PREDATORS DEPARTEMENT PARASITE: PARASITOS (GREEK) ONE OF PARASITOLOGY METHODIST MEDICAL EATS TOGETHER WITH SCHOOL ANOTHER AT A

BEHAVIOUR OF PARASITE
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SUCKING BLOOD, LYMPH FLUID, OR EXUDATE SUCKING HOSTS NOURISHMENT INJURY TO THE BODY TISSUE MAKES MECHANICAL DISORDER MAKES INFLAMATION MAKES SECONDARY INFECTION

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BEHAVIOUR OF PARASITE (contd.)

EXCRETE TOXIN MAKES ALLERGIC STIMULATES CANCER MAKES MECHANICAL OBSTRUCTION DESTROYS CELL FROM THE INSIDE DECREASES HOSTS RESISTANCE FROM ANOTHER INFECTION A DISEASE CAUSED BY A PARASITE GENERALLY NAMED WITH ITS AGENT ADDED WITH A SIS SUFFIX e.g ASCARIASIS, BALANTIDIASIS, AND FASCIOLOPSIS
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HOST-PARASITE INTERRELATIONSHIPS

MAJORITY: PARASITE NEEDS ONLY ONE HOST e.g ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS AND PEDICULUS HUMANUS HUMANUS, ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOES (ANTHROPOPHILIC) LESS DISCRIMINATING: CLONORCHIS SINENSIS, SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM, TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS INCIDENTALLY INVOLVED: ZOONOSIS (EUZOONOSIS & PARAZOONOSIS)
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HOST-PARASITE INTERRELATIONSHIPS (contd.)

OBLIGATE PARASITE: CANT EXIST WITHOUT A HOST FACULTATIVE/OPPORTUNIST PARASITE: UNDER FAVORABLE CIRCUMSTANCES MAY LIVE A PARASITIC e.g MICRONEMA, NAEGLERIA AND ACANTHAMOEBA SPURIOUS PARASITE: PARASITIZE A HOST, HAVING MERELY PASSED THROUGH THE INTESTINE, ARE RECOVERED IN A LIVING OR DEAD STATE FROM HUMAN FECES
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HOST-PARASITE INTERRELATIONSHIPS (contd.)

INFECTION: RELATIONSHIP OF PARASITE TO HOST INFESTATION: INFECTION CAUSED BY ECTOPARASITE, ARTHROPODS, OR ANIMAL PARASITE PATHOGEN: PARASITE CAUSING LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC DAMAGE TO HOST SUPERINFECTION: AN INDIVIDUAL HARBORING A PARASITE IS REINFECTED WITH THE SAME SPECIES OF PARASITE AUTOINFECTION: AN INFECTED PERSON IS HIS/HER OWN DIRECT SOURCE OF THE REDEPARTEMENT OF PARASITOLOGY METHODIST MEDICAL SCHOOL EXPOSURE

SOURCE OF EXPOSURE
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CONTAMINATED SOIL OR WATER FOOD CONTAINING THE IMMATURE INFECTIVE STAGE OF THE PARASITE A BLOOD-SUCKING INSECT A DOMESTIC OR WILD ANIMAL HARBORING THE PARASITE ANOTHER PERSON, CLOTHE, BED, OR THE IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT THAT HAS CONTAMINATED ONES SELF
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SOURCE OF EXPOSURE (contd.)

SOIL: ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES, TRICHURIS TRICHIURA, HUMAN HOOKWORMS, AND STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS WATER: VIABLE CYST OF PARASITIC AMEBAE, INTESTINAL FLAGELLATES, TAENIA SOLIUM EGGS, AND THE INFECTIVE CERCARIAL STAGE OF THE HUMAN BLOOD FLUKES FOOD: FISH (DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM), PORK (TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS AND TAENIA SOLIUM), BEEF (TAENIA SAGINATA), BUFFALO NUTS (FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI), WATERCRESS (FASCIOLA HEPATICA)
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SOURCE OF EXPOSURE (contd.)

BLOOD-SUCKING ARTHROPODS: MALARIA, LEISHMANIASIS, TRYPANOSOMES, FILARIAE, VIRUSES, RICKETTSIAE, BACTERIA, AND SPIROCHETES ANIMAL: DOGS (HYDATID CYST OF ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS, VISCERAL LARVA MIGRANS OF TOXOCARA CANIS), HERBIVOROUS ANIMAL (TRICHOSTRONGYLUS spp.) ANOTHER HUMAN: ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA, ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS, DEPARTEMENT OF PARASITOLOGY METHODIST MEDICAL HYMENOLEPSIS NANA SCHOOL

PORTAL OF ENTRY
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MOUTH: INTESTINAL PROTOZOA, ROUNDWORMS, TAPEWORMS, INTESTINAL FLUKES, LUNG FLUKES, etc. SKIN: HOOKWORMS, STRONGYLOIDES, SCHISTOSOMA spp.; PUNCTURED PERCUTANEOUSLY (MALARIA, LEISHMANIA, TRYPANOSOME, FILARIAE, etc.) INHALATION: AIR-BORNE EGGS OF E. VERMICULARIS INTO POST. PHARYNX TRANSPLACENTAL: TOXOPLASMA GONDII TRANSMAMMARY: STRONGYLOIDES, ANCYLOSTOMA DEPARTEMENT SEXUALOF INTERCOURSE: TRICHOMONAS PARASITOLOGY METHODIST MEDICAL SCHOOL VAGINALIS

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BIOLOGIC INCUBATION PERIOD

1. 2.

EXPOSURE vs INFECTION: E TO I IS THE ACT OF INOCULATION INFECTION: CONNOTES A TAKE, WHEREBY THE INFECTIVE AGENT BECOME ESTABLISHED IN THE HOST DEVELOPMENT OF INFECTION: PARASITE ENTERED THE BODY CARRIED OR ACTIVELY MIGRATES TO A LOCATION WHERE IT MATURES AND PRODUCE PROGENY
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BIOLOGIC INCUBATION PERIOD (contd.)

1.

2.

3.

4.

PROCEDURE OF PRODUCING PROGENY COULD BE SIMPLE OR COULD BE LENGTHY AND COMPLICATED, e.g: ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA: EXCYSTATION, DIVISION, LODGEMENT, GROW, MULTIPLICATION TRICHURIS TRICHIURA: HATCHING, MIGRATION, ADULT, PRODUCE EGGS HOOKWORMS & STRONGYLOIDES: INVADE THE SKIN, CARRIED TO THE LUNGS, INTESTINE MALARIA: SKIN, CARRIED IN THE BLOOD STREAM, DISAPPEAR IN 30 MIN, 2 OR 3 DYS FOUND IN THE LIVER, ASEXUAL MULTIPLICATION IN PARENCHYMA CELLS, DEPARTEMENT OF PARASITOLOGY METHODIST MEDICAL INFECTED RED BLOOD CELLS SCHOOL

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5.

6.

7.

TRYPANOSOME: RAPIDLY MULTIPLY IN CIRCULATING BLOOD OR DEVELOP AS INTRACELLULAR PARASITE IN MACROPHAGE OR IN THE VISCERA LEISHMANIA: COLONIZE INTRACELLULARLY IN THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM FILARIA: SKIN, LYMPHATIC VESSELS, MATURE, OBSTRUCTION
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BIOLOGIC INCUBATION PERIOD IS TERMINATED AS SOON AS THE PARASITES OR THEIR PRODUCTS CAN BE DEMONSTRATED IN THE FECES OR OTHER EXCRETA OR IN THE CIRCULATING BLOOD (PARASITEMIA), BY ASPIRATION, BIOPSY, OR OTHER DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE. THE BIOLOGIC INCUBATION PERIOD ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE PREPATENT PERIOD BIOLOGIC INCUBATION IS RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARASITE CLINICAL INCUBATION REFERS TO THE INTERVAL BETWEEN EXPOSURE AND THE EARLIEST DEPARTEMENT OF PARASITOLOGY METHODIST MEDICAL EVIDENCE OF SYMPTOMS SCHOOL

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JOHN BORDON EPI TRIANGLE

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DEPARTEMENT OF PARASITOLOGY METHODIST MEDICAL SCHOOL

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DEPARTEMENT OF PARASITOLOGY METHODIST MEDICAL SCHOOL