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TOPIC OF DISCUSSION
Introduction Status and Regulation Thermal treatment technology Instrumentation Air pollution control
INTRODUCTION
Hazardous waste is nonexclusive in its content ~ contain combustible organic + noncombustible inorganic. Hazardous waste come in all physical forms: liquid, solid and somewhere in between. Good combustion is good oxidation of organic components.
Example
A waste mixture (by weight ) of 30% toluene, 66 % acetone and 5% water is to be burn in a liquid injection type incinerator at rate of 1000 lb/h with 20% air.
Compound
Toluene Acetone Water
Formula
C6H5CH3 CH3COCH3 H2O
Solution
Toluene heat release = 0.30 x 18,252 = 5,476 Btu/lb Acetone heat release = 0.65 x 13,120 = 8,659.2 Btu/lb Water heat release = 0 Btu/lb Heat release per pound of mixture = 14,135.2 Btu/lb Heat release in the incinerator = 1000 lb/h x 14,135.2Btu/lb = 14,135,200 Btu/lb
COMBUSTION
Combustion of hazardous waste does not differ greatly from the combustion of conventional fuel except that the wastes may contain many different organic compounds. Has a measurable heating value.
Excess Air
When organic wastes + stoichiometric amount of air (oxygen) complete combustion Perfect combustion not possible in commercial burners or incinerators. Incinerators must always utilize excess air to achieve combustion May accomplish in two ways: Operating under starved air With an excess air Also used in incinerators for temperature control because the excess air absorbs heat generated during the combustion reaction.
Fuels
The fuels used in an incineration system to provide auxiliary heat. May be any commercially available fuel such as natural gases (methane), propane (LPG), light or heavy fuel oil, which may not be hazardous waste.
Metals
Inorganic components of wastes fed in an incinerator cannot be destroyed. Only oxidized. Most of the inorganic materials are chemically classified as metals and enter the combustion process as a component of waste. Will exits combustion process as oxides of the metal that enters.
Flares
are used for waste gases that are above the HEL and may be mix with air, ignited and burned cleanly. Can be elevated Primarily used to disposed combustible gases during the process.
Atomizer
Three basic types of atomizers for liquid wastes:
Mechanical or pressure atomizer Two-fluid internal mix atomizer Two-fluid external mix atomizer
Atomizers must be designed to cause shearing action of the liquid to break it into many smaller diameter particles.
Grate-Type Incinerators
Burn the waste on metal grates, provide air circulating below, above and through the waste. Not generally suitable for hw because the higher temperature required for waste destruction may destroy the grates. Its depends on the waste to be of such character that it will be supported on the grate and will not fall through to the ash pit until it is burned.
Hearth-Type incinerators
Types;
Rotary Kiln Control-air or two-chamber fixedhearth incinerator Multiple-Hearth incinerator Monohearth incinerator (seldomly used)
Rotary kiln consist of a refractory-lined cylindrical chamber that sits on trunnions and rotates slowly on its longitudinal axis. Waste burns as it moves toward the ash discharge end.
The fixed-hearth incinerator consist of primary chamber having either single-level hearth or a stepped hearth. In smaller units- waste is intermittently charged to the primary chamber, but ash not removed. In larger units- a mechanical ram pushes the charge through the incinerator, and the ash is continually removed.
Fluidized-Bed Incinerators
Utilizes a fluid hearth consisting of sand or alumina on which combustion occur. Waste is injected into the fluidized bed, either as a liquid, sludge, or uniformly sized solid. Ash will remain in the bed while some exits the incinerator into the air pollution control equipment. Exiting hot flue gases can be used in a boiler or to preheat combustion air.
INSTRUMENTATION
Must be reliable Must be able to measure all of the system variables and to shut down the system if there is any indication of multifunction that might cause discharge of the hazardous chemicals to the environment. The basic operating parameters measured are temperature, flow, pressure, differential pressure, pH and level.
May be achieved with wet systems or dry systems or with a combination of both. 10 metals: arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, antimony, barium, lead, mercury, silver and thallium.
Particulate Removal
Measures in grains/dscf or mg/dscm. Varies widely, depending on two factors:
Gas velocity in the incinerator Actual particle size.
Can be effected by gravity separation, interference, centrifugal separation, filtration through a media filter, electrostatic separation, etc. The smaller the particles, the more easily it is carried by the flue gas at a low gas velocity. Shall not exceed 180 mg/dscm.