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Working Principle
Hydraulic brakes work on the principle of Pascals law which states that pressure at a point in a fluid is equal in all directions in space. The hydraulic principles that permit a brake system to function were discovered by a French physicist, Blaise Pascal (16321662). Pascals Law states that when force is applied to a liquid confined in a container or an enclosure, the pressure is transmitted equal and undiminished in every direction. So uniform braking action is applied on all four wheels.
Equal pressure transmitted by fluid(brake fluid) to larger area. (Increasing the Intensity of the pressure)
Pascals law
Intensification of force
The hydraulic brake is an arrangement of braking mechanism which uses brake fluid(liquid), to transfer pressure from the controlling unit, which is usually near the operator of the vehicle, to the actual brake mechanism, which is usually at or near the wheel of the vehicle.
HISTORY: In 1918 Malcolm Lockheed developed a hydraulic brake system, At that time the mechanised vehicles were just being introduced in the market for use as means of transport.
Automobile hydraulic-brake system. 1) Brake pedal; 2) piston; 3) master cylinder; 4) hydraulic line; 5) brake cylinder; 6) brake piston; 7) brake band; 8) wheel; 9) return spring.
FIGURE 108 The pushrods are held in place by the rubber dust boots. As the wheel cylinder pistons move outward, the pushrods transfer the movement to the brake shoes.
Brake Pads/drums
Working Principle Brake pads convert the kinetic energy of the car to thermal energy by means of friction. Operation When the brakes are hydraulically applied, the caliper clamps or squeezes the two pads together into the spinning rotor to slow/stop the vehicle. When a brake pad is heated by contact with a rotor, it transfers small amounts of friction material to the disc, turning it dull gray. The brake pad and disc (both now with friction material), then "stick" to each other, providing the friction that stops the vehicle.
FIGURE 109 Steelbrake shoes are made from two stampings welded togetherthe web and the lining table.
ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULIC BRAKES Hydraulic Brake system are very popular compared to the others owing to the following advantages a) Equal braking action on all wheels. b) Increased braking force. c) Simple in construction. d) Low wear rate of brake linings. e) Flexibility of brake linings. f) Increased mechanical advantage.
Disadvantages
However these systems suffer from the following disadvantages which must be overcome for safety in driving an automobile a) Whole braking system fails due to leakage of fluid from brake linings. b) Presence of air inside the tubings ruins the whole system.