Internal

Radio Frequency Part and Antenna

ISSUE 2.0
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RF components are widely used in

wireless system, and effect performance of network

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Upon completion this course, you will be able to: Understand the structure and features of combination unit Master the key specifications of antenna Be able to choose the suitable type of RF component

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Chapter 1 RF Part in BTS Chapter 2 Antenna Chapter 3 Feeder and TTA

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RF Device of BTS
Antenna

Antenna stand Jumper between antenna and TTA TTA Lightening arrester Jumper between lightening arrester and cabinet

Feeder Jumper between TTA and feeder

C D U C D U

TDU SWITCH BOX FAN BOX

T T T T R R R R X X X X

BTS312 cabinet

AIR BOX

C D U

C D U

T T T T R R R R X X X X

FAN BOX

C D U

C D U

T T T T R R R R X X X X
T T TT U S UU

P P P P P PP U U U U U UU
AIR BOX

S S S S S S M ME E E

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Introduction
RF device in BTS includes two parts Indoor: combiner and splitter unit

For example: CDU module, SCU module and EDU module

Outdoor: antenna, feeder, TTA (tower top amplifier), jumper and

lightning arrester

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Function of Combiner and Divider

Use one antenna to support multiple TX/RX signals, decreases the amount of antenna and feeder Complete duplexer of TX/RX and combine TX signal filter, amplify and split the RX signal Provide power for TTA

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CDU (Combining and Divider Unit)

Tx1 Tx2 Tx_Comb Tx_Dup Rx1 Rx2 Rx3 Rx4 HL_out Rx5 Rx6 Rx7 Rx8 HL_in RxD_out Tx/Rx_ANT

combiner

duplexer

divider

amplifier divider filter

RxD

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SCU (Simple Combiner Unit)

combiner TX1 combiner

TX2

TX3

TX4 combiner

TX -Comb

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EDU (Enhance Duplexer Unit)

Tx1

duplexer

Tx/Rx_ANT1

Rx1 Rx2 divider amplifier

Rx1 Rx2 divider amplifier

Tx2

duplexer

Tx/Rx_ANT2

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Functional structure of the DDPU

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Functional structure of the DFCU

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Functional structure of the DFCB

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Comparison among Different Combining Units

Equipment Unit Combine mode Typical loss of TX (dB) 4.5 Price comparison (per TRX) Middle

CDU

Combine two TX, one step 3dB combiner Combine four TX, one step 3dB combiner Combine four TX, one step 3dB combiner No combiner, double duplexer No combiner, duplexer Combine two TX, duplexer Double duplexer Combine four TX, double duplexer Combine eight TX, double duplexer Combine four TX, double duplexer Combine six-twelve TX, double duplexer

SCU

6.8

Low

SCU+CDU

Low

EDU Double CDU (without combiner) Double CDU (with combiner) DDPU DDPU+DCOM DDPU+2DCOM DFCU DFCU+DFCB

1 1 4.5 1 4.5 7.6~8 3.3~3.5 3.3~3.5

Middle High Middle Middle Low Low High High

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New Type CDU&ESCU

ECDU

The structure is the same as CDU's, but increase MAX. input power. It can bear up to100W input RF power
ESCU

The structure is the same as SCU's, but increase MAX. input power. It can bear up to100W input RF power

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Chapter 1 RF Part in BTS Chapter 2 Antenna Chapter 3 Feeder and TTA

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What is Antenna?

Radiate and receive radio wave ,convert high frequency current to electromagnetic wave when transmitting, and convert electromagnetic wave to high frequency current when receiving

Blah bl ah blah bl ah

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Function
Convert high frequency current to electromagnetic wave when

transmitting

Convert electromagnetic wave to high frequency current when receiving

Antenna can not amplify the transmission power, just concentrate

RF power to one direction

Horizontal section

Vertical section

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Classification
Classify by working band: UHF, VHF, microwave, etc. Classify by radiate pattern: omni, directional Classify by outline: line, pane, parabola feed Classify by polarization: vertical and horizontal

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Radiate Pattern

directional Antenna

omni direction

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Outline

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Polarization

vertical polarization Omni antenna

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vertical polarization directional antenna

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dual polarization directional antenna

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Radiate Pattern
Omni antenna lobe

Direction antenna lobe

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Radiate pattern

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Dipole and Isotropic

Dipole
1/4 wave length 1/2wave length 1/4 wave length

Isotropic

Ideal radiator with same ability on all direction!

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Gain
The radiation ability of certain antenna overtop dipole or isotropic Indicates the antenna feature of electromagnetic radiation in specific

directions
Unit: dBi/dBd
antenna Direction antenna

l/2

theory source

dBd dBi

dB/dBm?

dBi =dBd+2.15
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Forward to Back Ratio

The ratio of main lobe signal strength to back lobe This value is within 1845dB. In urban, it is suggested to use

the antenna with high F/B ratio

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Beam Angle
HPBW: Half Power Beam Width Lobe angle between two points, the power of which reduce to

the half of that of the maximum radiate direction

Vertical HPBW and Horizontal HPBW

Peak - 3dB 15 (eg) Peak Peak - 3dB

- 3dB

60 (eg)

Peak - 3dB

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Horizontal section Page 27

Down tilt
To control coverage To decrease inter modulation Realization: electron and mechanism

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Down tilt
mechanism

electron

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Effect of Electron Down tilt

No Down tilt HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Effect of Mechanism Down tilt

No Down tilt

Mechanism Down tilt

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Effect of different methods

10(E)

6(E)+ 4(M)

10(M)

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Polarization
The direction of electro - vector radiated by antenna. The

vertical polarization wave is vertical with the plane of ground, and the horizontal polarization waves parallel with the plane of ground
Single antenna has only one polarization direction. Dual polarized antenna contains two single - polarized antenna

in one entity. Dual polarization antenna usually adopts +45/ -45 degree orthogonal polarization.

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Polarization

VERTICAL

HORIAONTAL

+ 45

- 45

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Dual Polarization

V/H

+/- 45

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Port Isolation
The isolation among ports should be more than 30 dB. for multi-ports antenna, Such as dual polarization antenna

10log(1000mW/1mW) = 30dB

1000mW (1W)

1mW

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Null Filled
It shall apply null filled technology when zero depth is less

than main beam for 26dB.

High gain antenna especially adopt null filled technology to

effectively improve the nearby coverage

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Upper Side Lobe Suppression

Main to upper side

Main to lower side

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Coupling Between Antennas

Horizontal separation
main lobe

Sufficient decoupling distance: 5-10

Antenna patterns become superimposed if

distance is too close
Vertical separation

Decoupling distance:1 can provide better RX /TX decoupling

Minimum coupling loss

5 .. 10

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Installation Examples
Recommended decoupling

TX - TX: ~30dB TX - RX: ~40dB

Horizontal decoupling distance

0,2m

depends on
Antenna gain Horizontal rad. pattern
Omni-directional antenna
Omni-directional.: 5 .. 20m directional : 1 ... 3m

Use vertical separation for RX and TX Use vertical separation (fork) for RX and diversity RX

Vertical decoupling is much more effective

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Antenna Installation
Coupling loss (dB):

Lv=28+40log(k/) (vertical installation)

Lv=22+20log(d/)-(G1+G2)-(S1+S2) (horizontal installation) : wave length

K: distance at vertical
D: distance at horizontal G1 G2: gain S1 S2: Relative gain at line connected two antenna

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Distributed Antenna System

Small antenna Power splitter coupling Small antenna Small antenna Small antenna Small antenna coupling

coupling

Dual direction
amplifier

BTS BTS

Power splitter

coupling coupling

Power splitter

Small antenna

Dual direction amplifier

Small antenna

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Symmetry and Asymmetry Network with Coaxial Feed

3 3 3

3
3
Dual direction amplifier amplifier

1.3
Dual direction

Tx/Rx

0.5 3 3 3 0.5

3
10 3

10
Tx/Rx

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Optical Fiber Distributed Antenna

The optical fiber repeater is mainly adopted in the case

of wide coverage and long distance transmission

transceiver signal Optical transceiver

transceiver Optical transceiver

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Leaky Feeder
Coaxial cable with perforated leads It is mainly adopted for tunnel, metro and with high cost of

equipment and installing

Power splitter Tx/Rx

Dual direction amplifier

Matching load

Dual direction amplifier

Matching load

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Leaky Feeder
Coaxial cable with perforated leads Produce constant field-strength along cable runs Work at wide-band Radiating loss become higher with high frequency

Very large bending radius

Formerly often used for tunnel coverage Expensive

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Feature of Leaky Cable

Transmission loss per hundred meter

Typical value : 10~40 dB per 100m

Couple Loss at 1 meter distance

Typical value 55 dB (at 1m)

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Comparison with Distributed Antenna

Distributed System Type
Coaxial Feed

Advantage
Flexible

Disadvantage
High loss

Applicability
High building, Business center

Low cost
Reliable Leaky feeder Optical Flexible Low loss Easy installation High cost High cost Not flexible Need power supply

Metro, Tunnel Far area coverage

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Chapter 1 RF Part in BTS Chapter 2 Antenna Chapter 3 Feeder and TTA

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Tower Top Amplifier

Amplify uplink weak signal, then: Balance uplink and downlink Compensate loss of feeder

Simplex TTA

duplex TTA

triplex TTA

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Triplex Tower Top Amplifier

triplex

TTA
TX filter
bypass antenna

BTS

Bias Tee

RX filter
Low noise amplifier DC

RX filter

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Data Configuration of CDU

Turn on power of TTA in CDU before installation

TTA switch is in rear panel of CDU

Configuration alarm threshold of TTA current before installation

TTA current switch is in rear panel of CDU

Configuration attenuation factor of receive signal on console

attenuation factor of receive signal =TTA gain feeder loss

Simplex TTA gain:14dB, triplex TTA gain:12dB Don t use TTA if not necessary

For the convenience of installation To get better lighting -proof effect

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Power Switch and Current Limit

Rear panel of KMW CDU

TTAM
OFF

TTAD
OFF

TTAD: power switch of diversity TTA TTAM: power switch of main TTA switch

TTAM
1 2 3

TTAD

TTAM TTAD
OFF OFF

TTAM

TTAD
1 2 3

select current limit

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Power Switch and Current Limit

Rear panel of COM DEV CDU

1 2 0 3 3 2 1 0
Note: MAIN main TTA switch DIVERSE diversity TTA switch

0 3

1 2 3

2 1 0 1 2

0 3

3 0

2 1

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Feeder

Feeder selection Type : 1/27/85/4

Select 5/4 in the case of feeder length is more than 80 m

and otherwise select 7/8 in 900MHz Select 5/4 in the case of feeder length is more than 50 m and otherwise select 7/8 in 1800MHz

Feeder curvature should not be so big, outer conductor

should be connected to earth
TYPE LDF5 - 50A(7/8 LDF6 - 50(5/4 M1474A(7/8 HFC22D ) ) 4.03 4.47 ) LOSS dB/100m 890 4.03 2.98 1,000 4.3 3.17 4.3 5.87 1,700 5.87 4.31 (MHz) 2,000 6.46 4.77 6.6 6.46 6.7 VSWR 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 Bend Radius (m) 0.25 0.38 0.22 0.3 0.25 manufacturer ANDREW ANDREW ACOME 609 LG

SYFY - 50 - 22(7/8 ) - A(7/8 )

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Summary

In this course, we have learned:

Combiner structure and loss Antenna type and feature TTA

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Thank You
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