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Definition
A radicular cyst is a cyst that most likely results when rests of epithelial cells (Malassez) in the periodontal ligament are stimulated to proliferate and undergo cystic degeneration by inflammatory products from a non-vital tooth.
Clinical Feature
Most common type of cyst of the jaws. Rarely seen before the age of 10. Most frequent between 20 and 60 years. More common in males than females 3 to 2. Maxilla affected more than 3 times the mandible.
Clinical Feature
Cause slowly progressive painless swelling. No symptoms until they become large enough or infected. If infection enters, the swelling becomes painful and may rapidly expand, partly due to inflammatory edema.
Clinical Feature
The swelling is rounded and at the first hard Later, when the bone has been reduced to egg-shell thickness, a crackling sensation (crepitant) may be felt on pressure Finally, part of the wall is resorbed entirely away, leaving soft fluctuant (rubbery and fluctuant) swelling, bluish in color, beneath the mucous membrane.
Clinical Feature
The dead tooth from which the cyst has originated is present, and its relationship to the cyst will be apparent in a radiograph
a Initiation
7
Pathology
All stages can be seen from a periapical granuloma containing a few strands of proliferation epithelium derived from the epithelial rest of Malassez, to an enlarging cyst with a hyperplastic epithelial lining and dense inflammatory infiltrate. Epithelial proliferation results from irritant products leaking from an infected root canal to cause periapical inflammation.
Pathology Clefts
Clefts. Within the cyst capsule there are often areas split up by fine needle-shaped clefts. These are left by cholesterol dissolved-out during preparation for sectioning. The cholesterol is derived from breakdown of blood cells. Small clefts are enclosed by foreign body giant cells, and extravasated red cells and blood pigment are associated. Clefts may also be seen extending into the cyst contents but are formed in the cyst wall.
Note that the epicenter is apical to the lateral incisor and the presence of a peripheral cortex (arrows).
A periapical film of a radicular cyst reveals a lesion with a well-defined cortical boundary (arrows). Note that the presence of the inferior cortex of the mandible has influenced the circular shape of the cyst.
Note the lack of a well-defined peripheral cortex as this cyst was secondarily infected and that the root canal of the lateral incisor is abnormally wide as it is visible at the root apex.
A and B, Two images of a radicular cyst originating from a non-vital deciduous second molar show expansion of the buccal cortical plate to a circular or hydraulic shape (arrows) and displacement of the adjacent permanent teeth.
Axial (A) and coronal (8) CT images using bone algorithm of a collapsing radicular cyst within the sinus. Note the unusual shape and the fact that new bone (arrows) is being formed from the periphery (arrows) toward the center. (Courtesy of Drs. S. Ahing and T. Blight, University of Manitoba.)
Diagnosis
Is based on the combination of: Adequate History Clinical Examination Selected Investigation: Pulp vitality testing of associated teeth Radiographs (intra/extra oral) Aspiration and analysis of cyst fluids Histopathology
Management
Treatment of a tooth with a radicular cyst may include: Extraction, Endodontic therapy, Apical surgery (Enucleation/Marsupilisation)
Endodontic therapy
If the involved non-vital tooth is to be retained, conventional intra-canal endodontic treatment will often lead to resolution of very small radicular cyst. The radiographic appearance of the periapical area of an endodontically treated tooth should be checked periodically to make sure that normal healing is occurring. Characteristically, new bone grows into the defect from the periphery, sometimes resulting in a radiating pattern resembling the spokes of a wheel. However, in a few cases normal bone may not fill the defect, especially if a secondary infection or a considerable amount of bone destruction occurred.
Endodontic therapy
Recurrence of a radicular cyst is unlikely if it has been removed completely.
A radicular cyst that is healing after endodontic treatment. Arrows show the original outline of the cyst; note that the new bone grows toward the center from the periphery.
If the cyst of such a size that is unlikely to resolve with endodontic treatment alone, surgery is indicated (enucleation or marsupialisation)
Enucleation
Enucleation. Complete removal of the cyst. All the cyst tissue is available for histological examination and the cyst cavity will usually heal uneventfully with minimal aftercare. It is potentially problematic when the cyst involves the apices of adjacent vital teeth, as the surgery may deprive the teeth of their blood supply and render them non-vital.
Marsupialisation
Marsupialisation. Is a partial removal of the cyst. It is indicated in large cysts that involves the apices of adjacent teeth. This treatment require considerable aftercare and good patient cooperation in keeping the cavity clean whilst is resolves. In order to keep the cavity open, a bung or acrylic plug is usually inserted in the opening, often attached to a denture or acrylic splint.
Marsupialisation
The bung stops food collecting in the cavity, but the cavity must still be syringed by the patient after each meal. Marsupialised cyst cavities may take up to 6 months to close down to the extent of becoming self-cleansing. Disadvantage. Not all the cyst lining is available to histopathological examination, and this may lead to misdiagnosis.
Sources
CAWSONS Essentials of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine 7th Edition Oral Radiology Principles and Interpretation 5th Edition (White . Pharoah) Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine (Crispian Scully CBE) Color Atlas of Dental Medicine, Radiology. (Friedrich A. Pasler)