Propiedades mecnicas de materiales determinadas

mediante el ensayo de traccin

En el ensayo de traccin las columnas giran a velocidad constante
haciendo descender la plataforma inferior a velocidad constante v.
La probeta est sujeta a la plataforma superior mediante una celda de
carga que registra la fuerza aplicada a ella.
Mordazas
Celdas de Carga Extensmetro
Tensin (S) y deformacin (e)
de Ingeniera
Engineering stress:
Engineering strain:
o
o
L L
e
L

=
Original area S = F/A
0

Curva tensin (S) deformacin (e) de
Ingeniera
Tensile stress strain curve
UTS
MPa
Curva tensin deformacin verdaderas
Definiciones
Yield strength (Y)
Stress at which plastic deformation starts to occur
Youngs modulus (E) S = Ee

The slope of the linear elastic part of the curve


Ultimate tensile strength (UTS)
Maximum engineering stress
Stress at which necking or strain localization occurs

2% Offset yield strength Y
(0.002)



O
Max Load
UTS
A
=
Tension test sequence
Figure 3.2 Typical progress of a tensile test: (1) beginning of test, no load; (2) uniform
elongation and reduction of cross-sectional area; (3) continued elongation, maximum
load reached; (4) necking begins, load begins to decrease; and (5) fracture. If pieces
are put back together as in (6), final length can be measured.
Figure 2.2 (a) Original and final shape of a standard tensile-test specimen. (b)
Outline of a tensile-test sequence showing stages in the elongation of the specimen.
Note: In this figure, length is denoted by
lower case l.
Ductilidad
Ductility: Measure of the amount of plastic
deformation a material can take before it
fractures.
% Elongation to Fracture:


% El is affected by specimen gage length. Short
specimens show larger % El

% Reduction in Area


No specimen size effect when area in necked region
is used
% 100
O F
r
O
A A
A x
A

=
% 100
f O
O
L L
El x
L

=
Typical mechanical properties a temperatura
ambiente
Tensin() y deformacin verdadera ()
Fig. 3.1 M. P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 3/e John Wiley, 2007
True stress:
True strain:
Instantaneous
area
True Stress () & Strain ()
More Accurate Measurement
True Stress

True Strain
P
P
l
0
l
A
0
A
x
y
A
P
Area eous Ins
Force
= =
tan tan
o
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
D
D
D
D
A
A
l
l
0
2
0 0
0
ln 2 ln ln ln c
Comparacin deformacin de ingeniera y verdadera
Engineering Stress (S) /Strain (e) vs.
True Stress () /Strain ()
True Stress & Engineering Stress (Up to necking)



True Strain & Engineering Strain (Up to necking)

Conservacin de
volumen:
A l = A
0
l
0

Relacin entre deformacin de Ingeniera y
Deformacin Verdadera



Relacin tensin verdadera y tensin de ingeniera
S
S
S
S
S
eng
=
true
exp (- ) ;
true
= Sexp ()

Comparacin curvas tensin deformacin de
ingeniera y verdadera
e a la tensin
mxima (UTS)
a la tensin
mxima (UTS)
Trazo negro, la deformacin se
mide con el rea del cuello
True Stress-Strain Curve
Constitutive Eq.
(plastic range)
K :strength coefficient
(true stress at unit true strain)
n :strain hardening exponent
( coeficiente de endurecimiento
por deformacin)
n
Kc o =
c o log log log n K + =
True
Eng.
o
c
f
c
Papel grfico
Log-Log

Mdulos
cuadrados.
La escala
progresa en
mltiplos de 10.
El origen puede
ser elegido.

10
x
10
x+1
10
x+2
10
x+3
10
x+4

10
y+4




10
y+3





10
y+2




10
y+1





10
x

Typical Values for K and n at Room Temperature

TABLE


K (MPa) n
Aluminum
1100O
2024T4
6061O
6061T6
7075O
Brass
7030, annealed
8515, cold-rolled
Cobalt-base alloy, heat-treated
Copper, annealed
Steel
Low-C annealed
4135 annealed
4135 cold-rolled
4340 annealed
304 stainless, annealed
410 stainless, annealed

180
690
205
410
400

900
580
2070
315

530
1015
1100
640
1275
960

0.20
0.16
0.20
0.05
0.17

0.49
0.34
0.50
0.54

0.26
0.17
0.14
0.15
0.45
0.10




= K
n

Coeficiente de endurecimiento por deformacin (n)
Se puede demostrar fcilmente que la deformacin verdadera
Fmax

cuando se llega a la carga mxima es igual a n.
F = A
dF= ddA+Ad=0 Condicin carga mxima
d/ = - dA/A = dl/L= d (conservacin de volumen)
d/d = Si = K
n

nK
n-1
= K
n
Se llega a n=

Por tanto el valor de n sirve para estimar la magnitud de la
deformacin a la carga mxima y consecuentemente la deformacin
homognea que se puede aplicar a un material.
MATERIAL K (MPa) n
Aluminum, 1100-O
2024-T4
5052-O
6061-O
6061-T6
7075-O
Brass, 70-30, annealed
85-15, cold-rolled
Bronze (phosphor), annealed
Cobalt-base alloy, heat treated
Copper, annealed
Molybdenum, annealed
Steel, low-carbon, annealed
1045 hot-rolled
1112 annealed
1112 cold-rolled
4135 annealed
4135 cold-rolled
4340 annealed
17-4 P-H annealed
52100 annealed
304 stainless, annealed
410 stainless, annealed
180
690
210
205
410
400
895
580
720
2070
315
725
530
965
760
760
1015
1100
640
1200
1450
1275
960
0.20
0.16
0.13
0.20
0.05
0.17
0.49
0.34
0.46
0.50
0.54
0.13
0.26
0.14
0.19
0.08
0.17
0.14
0.15
0.05
0.07
0.45
0.10
Note: 100 MPa = 14,500 psi.
Typical values of K and n ( = K
n
)


Comportamiento elstico
Transicin elasto-plstica


El comportamiento elstico termina cuando comienza a
producirse deformacin plstica, la que ocurre por
desplazamiento de dislocaciones (irreversible)
La tensin de fluencia o lmite elstico seala el inicio
perceptible de la deformacin plstica.
En algunos metales (Cu, Al, etc) es difcil determinar la
tesnin de fluencia, por tanto convencionalmente se
define sta como el nivel de tensin desde el cual,
descargando elsticamente, queda una deformacin
plstica de 0,2% (0,002)
Comportamiento plstico
Valores tpicos de n a temperatura ambiente:
acero= 0,01 Cobre = 0,005 Aluminio 0
Tensin de fluencia o lmite elstico al subir la
temperatura
La tensin de fluencia se reduce al subir la temperatura,
por esto un material en caliente ofrece menos
resistencia a la deformacin plstica
La tensin de fluencia de un acero de 0,15%C, a 25C
es 500 Mpa, a 220C es 400MPa y a 600C es 200MPa

A alta temperatura el
nivel de la curva
sube si sube d/dt.
Por tanto la resistencia a
la deformacin plstica a
alta temperatura
depende de la velocidad
de deformacin d/dt.
Coeficiente de sensibilidad a la velocidad de deformacin (m)
At high temperature strain rate is important, but
strain hardening is not so important

To calculate the flow stress at high
(T/T
M
>0.5) temperature we will use:
m
C o c =
At low temperature strain hardening is
important, but strain rate is not so important

To calculate the flow stress at low
(T/T
M
<0.5) temperature we will use:
n
K o c =