Corruption in INDIA: The Emperor of all Maladies

PUSPESH KASHYAP.

Agenda
Introduction
Causes & Symptoms

Major Corruption Scams Anti-Corruptions Movements Success Stories Corrective Measures & Recommendations

Agenda
Introduction
Causes & Symptoms

Major Corruption Scams Anti-Corruptions Movements Success Stories Corrective Measures & Recommendations

Introduction
Forms of Corruption
Corruption comes from Latin corrupts, meaning utterly broken. Monetary corruption in the limited sense of bribes, kickbacks and skimming are easily identified than policies that are deliberately skewed (Patel, 2011) Corruption was always in the news ever since Independence
Police

Political

Legal & Intellectual

Corporate

India & Corruption

State-Wise Distribution of Corruption

Agenda
Introduction
Causes & Symptoms

Major Corruption Scams Anti-Corruptions Movements Success Stories Corrective Measures & Recommendations

Reasons for Corruption - Govt

Payment of Bribe

Black Money

Presence of Corrupt Government Officers

No Accountability

Corruption Low Risk Activity

No Monitoring System

Lack of Transparency

Reasons for Corruption Private Sector

Improper Accounting of Sales & Purchases Lack of Corporate Values

Political Donations - To Win Contracts

SEZ & Land Acquisitions

High Competition

Tax Evasion

Agenda
Introduction
Causes & Symptoms

Major Corruption Scams Anti-Corruptions Movements Success Stories Corrective Measures & Recommendations

Major Corruption Scams in INDIA

Indian Black Money Scam : Hassan Ali Khan

CWG :Suresh Kalmadi

2g Spectrum : A Raja

Scorpene Submarine :Ravi Shankaran

Bofors Arms Deal :Ottavio Quattrocchi

Coal Gate

Satyam :Ramalingam Raju

Adarsh Housing Scam

Case of Driving Licensing Process in Delhi

Without Agent Total Rs.625.88 Expenditure Know driving Failed the test Procedure days 89% 25% 47.64 With Agent Rs.1246.92

23% 53% 40.37

CWG Scam
Bidding Excessive Budget Overrun Improper allocation of contracts Unaccounted money sent to AM films & AM care Hire Increase taxes Roll back on subsidies Unnecessary increase in budget for communication, security and traffic Prices shot up due to shorter deadlines Unhygienic bathrooms, animal, footprints on beds Exposed wiring Water flooding in the buildings

Construction Delays of Games Venues

PWG Village Poor Living Conditions

Infrastructural Deficiency Involvement of Civic Authorities

Falling of the over bridge Canopy erected at the stadium fell

Sports Authority of India, Organizing Committee Suresh Kalmadi(Chairman), Delhi Development Authority

Agenda
Introduction
Causes & Symptoms

Major Corruption Scams Anti-Corruptions Movements Success Stories Corrective Measures & Recommendations

Anti-Corruption Movements in Independent India

Jayaprakash Narayan
Total Revolution (1974-77)

Anna Hazare
India Against Corruption (2011-12)

Social Movement vs. Collective Behaviour

Similarities Differences
Social Movements Engagement in socially unacceptable and unconventional behavior One individuals participation influenced by others behavior Relieves the tension in society or community or organizations Organized Collective Behavior Unorganized

Intentional

Unplanned

Long-Lasting

Brief

Total Revolution Movement

Nav Nirman Andolan in Gujarat
Middle Class and Students against Corruption Nav Nirman Yuvak Samiti Lawyers & Students Elected Government by Chimanbhai Patel dissolved Political Student Outfits SYS, AISF, ABVP Corruption and Educational Facilities Students asked to boycott examination by Jayaprakash Narayan Protests to ouster the state government MLAs resigned

Bihar Movement

Sampurna Kranti (Total Revolution)

Total Revolution Movement

Jayaprakash Narayan travelled all across India Hunger strike by Morarji Desai Congress lost 1975 Election

Allahabad High Court declared Lok Sabha 1971 election which Indira Gandhi won as void due to electoral malpractice (State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain)
State of Emergency Emergency declared on midnight of 25 June 1975 Janata Party formed First non-Congress government in 1977 Emergence of other eminent leaders like Raj Narain Atal Bihari Vajpayee Lal Krishna Advani Lalu Prasad Yadav George Fernandes H. D. Deve Gowda

India Against Corruption A Prelude

A study conducted by Transparency International in 2005 found that 62% of Indians had payed bribe 75% of the participants felt that the corruption trend was increasing Annual bribe amount s to the tune of $5 billion Most corrupt department is the Police, closely followed by Judiciary and Land administration

Increasing Reasons/Pressure to Protest

15% of the 542 Lok Sabha and 245 Rajya Sabha MPs face serious criminal charges (Pinto, 2011) Growing no.of corruption scams - 2G scam & CWG 2010, Adarsh Housing Society Scam MPs increasing salaries, perks allowances their and

Accusations against judiciary Soumitra Sen, High Court judge of West Bengal faced impeachment by Parliament P. D. Dinakaran, the Chief Justice of Sikkim took voluntary retirement

Almost all politicians involved in land deals, oil scandals, financial scams, mining operations and fraudulent business deals

India Against Corruption

Name Staff Motto To rid the Greater Indian nation of corruption wherever it is found by whatever means necessary Further Information Social activists like Aruna Roy, Arvind Kejriwal, Prashanti Bhushan, Kiran Bedi, Swami Agnivesh, Mujibur Rehman, Sarbajit Roy, Veeresh Malik and Anna Hazare Organized mass protests to enact Jan Lokpal Bill in 2011 and 2012 Location

Company India description

India Against Corruption People of India

Website Key People History

http://www.indiaagainstcorruption.co m/

Anna Hazare, Sarbajit Roy, Veeresh Malik

Inspired by the Hong Kong Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) Registered body originally associated with the Hindustan Republican Association founded in 1923 Lokpal bill was initially introduced by Shanti Bhushan in 1968 and passed by Lok Sabha in 1969, but lapsed due to dissolution of the parliament

Nine further versions were introduced in 1971, 1977, 1985, 1989, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2005 and in 2008

IAC Timeline
Anti-Corruption Press Conference 05/04/2011

29/10/2010

17/03/2011

14/11/2010 13/03/2011 Protest in Parliament Street Police Station against CWG Corruption Wikileaks' Cash-forVotes Scandal

Anna Hazare began his Indefinite Fast at Jantar Mantar for passing Jan Lokpal Bill

30/01/2011

"Drive around Delhi" protest organized by India Against Corruption

All India marc h against Corruption

IAC Timeline
Hazare's strike led to the resignation of Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar from the Group of Ministers on corruption 07/04/2011 06/08/2011 06/08/2012

03/08/2012

09/04/2011 29/07/2012 Government agreed to have a 50:50 distribution in the Lokpal bill drafting committee

Hazare dissolved the core committee, stating as the Govt is not ready to enact Jan Lokpal Bill, it was decided not to hold any more talks with them

The fast ended. Arvind Kejriwal and Prashant Bhushan announced the formation a new political party

25/07/2012

Anna Hazare joined the fast

Team Anna members started an indefinite fast at Jantar Mantar

Key Features of Jan Lokpal Bill

To establish a central Lokpal, supported by state Lokayukta Independent of the government and free from ministerial influence Members appointed by judges, IAS officers with a clean record, private citizens and constitutional authorities

Investigations of case must be completed in one year Government work required by a citizen not completed within a prescribed time will result in Lokpal imposing penalties Losses by a corrupt individual will be recovered at the time of conviction

Complaints against any officer of Lokpal will be investigated and completed within one month and if found guilty, will result in the officer being dismissed within two months Anti-corruption agencies such as CVC and the anticorruption branch of CBI will be merged into Lokpal which will have authority to investigate and prosecute anyone Whistle-blowers are to be provided with protection

Jan Lokpal Bill (Citizen's Ombudsman Bill)

Draft Lokpal Bill (2010)

Lokpal will have no power to initiate suo motu action Lokpal will have powers to initiate suo motu action or or receive complaints of corruption from the general receive complaints of corruption from the general public. It can only probe complaints forwarded by the public. Speaker of the Lok Sabha or the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Lokpal will only be an Advisory Body with a role Lokpal will have the power to initiate prosecution of limited to forwarding reports to a "Competent anyone found guilty. Authority". Lokpal will have no police powers and no ability to Lokpal will have police powers as well as the ability to register an FIR or proceed with criminal register FIRs. investigations. Lokpal and the anti corruption wing of the CBI will be The CBI and Lokpal will be unconnected. one independent body. Punishments will be a minimum of 1 year and a Punishment for corruption will be a minimum of 6 maximum of up to life imprisonment. months and a maximum of up to 7 years. Covers all public servants including govt. employees, judges, MPs, Ministers and PM Covers MPs, Ministers, Officers but excludes PM, judiciary & any action of an MP in the Parliament

 Peoples movement Tracking and Tracing of Black Money Forfeiting benami property, foreign bribery, money laundering, and whistle-blowing bills Investigations to complete within a year Incentives for successful complaints Independent body Effective usage of social media

Concentrates on symptoms rather than root cause Doesnt address opaque management of political activities False complaints to defame people Extremely dangerous to give autonomy to single body

IAC Movement

Aam Aadmi Party(Team Kejriwal)

Arvind Kejriwal had split with Anna Hazare and launched his political party
AAP has promised to bring following changes once it is voted to power
Right to Reject" law "Right to Recall" law

Jan Lokpal to be passed within 15 days

Corrupt ministers be jailed within six months

Reasons for Failure

Constantly asking the crowd to opine (Pinto, 2011) Gave an impression that the movement lacked direction Step down by Hazare as draft committee chairman Clear indication that the team was in control, not him Initially started as a common mans movement But later hijacked by Baba Ramdev, RSS and other political parties Call to electorate in five poll-bound states to vote against the Congress Lost credibility and triggered skepticism Initial support from young professionals and middle class Later, the numbers were falling down The view that Maidan or street should have a greater say in political decision making than a freely elected Parliament (Guha, R., 2011)

Agenda
Introduction
Causes & Symptoms

Major Corruption Scams Anti-Corruptions Movements Success Story Corrective Measures & Recommendations

Case of Karnataka Lokayukta

Instated under the Karnataka Lokayukta Act 1984

Endowed under Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 with suo moto powers

Lessons for the Lokpal Bill: -Necessity of a strong investigation and prosecution arm -Failure to complete investigations -Presumption of a strong criminal conviction body

Success Stories
Bhoomi, egovernance project in Karnataka

ComputerAided Administrati on of Registration Department: AP

Computerize d Inter-State check posts in: Gujarat

Features
Fully online system Biometric authentication Accountability Land record centre Synchronization Touch Screen Kiosks

Features
Transparent system Speedy, efficient, consistent & reliable Replacing manual system Electronic search Electronic document writing

Features
Electronic weighbridges, video cameras & computers 10 remote inter state check posts computerized Pre paid card system for payments at check posts Minimum intervention by RTO officers

Agenda
Introduction
Causes & Symptoms

Major Corruption Scams Anti-Corruptions Movements Success Stories Corrective Measures & Recommendations

Measures to Curb Corruption

Government Initiative
Step 1
Adoption of major electoral reforms Use of existing laws to mandate governments and local authorities so as to empower people with adequate information

Step 2
Greater transparency in the decision-making process to safeguard against ill-pratices Severe punishment for the guilty Ineffective Prevention of Corruption Act as number of high level officials punished under this Act is negligible so strengthening of Anti-Corruption laws

Step 3
Citizen-friendly and people centric public services Limits on electoral expenditure Timely audit and its disclosure to help control corruption

Corruption Mitigation
Committed political leaders Simplificatio n of Rules & Procedures Strengthen people to fight corruption. Business and civil society that resists corruption.

Effective Punishment Greater Transparency & Public Empowerment

Role of Society

Preventive measures in fighting corruption

Norms and values of society at large

The Way Forward

Delivery at all levels of government

Using technologies appropriate

new where

Transparency in public governance Civil society should strive to present actionable ideas and influence institutions Effective grievance redress mechanisms

And the Best Way to STOP Corruption

References
Patel, G. (2011). What we talk about when we talk about corruption. Economic & Political Weekly, 46(17), pp. 13-16 http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/, accessed on 10-03-2013 https://globalsociology.pbworks.com/w/page/14711254/Social%20Movements Pinto, A. S. J. (2011). Anna Hazares movement and Indias middle class. Social Action, 61(4), pp. 337-349 Tummala, K. K. (2009). Combating corruption: lessons out of India, International Public Management Review, 10(1), pp. 34-58 Kiran Karnik(6 Nov, 2012). Combating corruption: Try technology as it can be transformational Marianne Bertrand, Simeon Djankov, Rema Hanna, Sendhil Mullainathan. Corruption in Driving Licensing Process in Delhi, pp. 71-76 Narayana A, Sudhir Krishnaswamy, Vikas Kumar. Lokpal Bill: Lessons from the Karnataka Lokayuktas Performance, pp.12-16 Prashant Bhushan; The Hindu, January 2, 2012 , The saga of the Lokpal Bill