V

AN
V
CN
V
BN
120
0
120
0
120
0
RN AN
YN BN
BN CN
v v
v v
v v
=
=
=
T 1
T 2
T 3
R
load
3- supply
Phase
Voltages
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Vo
(=0 )
Vo
(30+ )
Va Vb Vc
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Phase
Voltages
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Vo
(=0 )
Vo
(30+ )
Va Vb Vc
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
( )
( )
( )
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
30
6
5
150
6
7
270
6
2
Each thytistor conducts for 120 or radians
3
T is triggered at t
T is triggered at t
T is triggered at t
t
e o o
t
e o o
t
e o o
t
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
( )
5
6
6
If the reference phase voltage is
sin , the average or dc output
voltage for continuous load current is calculated
using the equation
3
sin .
2
RN an m
dc m
v v V t
V V t d t
t
o
t
o
e
e e
t
+
+
= =
(
(
=
(
(

}
( )
( )
5
6
6
5
6
6
3
sin .
2
3
cos
2
3 5
cos cos
2 6 6
m
dc
m
dc
m
dc
V
V t d t
V
V t
V
V
t
o
t
o
t
o
t
o
e e
t
e
t
t t
o o
t
+
+
+
+
(
(
=
(
(

(
(
=
(
(

(
| | | |
= + + +
| |
(
\ . \ .

}
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0 0
0
Note from the trigonometric relationship
cos cos .cos sin .sin
5 5
cos cos sin sin
6 6
3
2
co
cos 150 cos sin 150 sin
3
2
cos 30
s .cos sin sin
6 6
.cos
m
dc
m
dc
A
V
V
B A B A B
V
V
t t
o o
t
t t
o
o
o
o
t
o
+ =
(
| | | |
+
| |
(
\ . \ .
(
=
(
| | | |
+
( | |
\ . \ .

+
=

( )
( )
0
sin 30 sin o
(
(
(

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0
Note: cos 1
cos 180 30 cos sin 180 30 sin
3
2
cos 30 .cos sin 30 sin
cos 30 cos sin 30 sin
3
2
cos 30 .cos sin 30 s
80 30 cos 30
sin 180 30 sin 30
in
m
dc
m
dc
V
V
V
V
o o
t
o o
o o
t
o o
=
(
+
(
=
(
+

(
+ +
(
=
(
+

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
0
3
2cos 30 cos
2
3 3
2 cos
2 2
3 3 3
3 cos cos
2 2
3
cos
2
Where 3 Max. line to line supply voltage
m
dc
m
dc
m m
dc
Lm
dc
Lm m
V
V
V
V
V V
V
V
V
V V
o
t
o
t
o o
t t
o
t
(
=

(
=
(

(
= =

=
= =
( )
( )
( )
1
5
2
6
2 2
6
1
2
The rms value of output voltage is found by
using the equation
3
sin .
2
and we obtain
1 3
3 cos 2
6 8
m
O RMS
m
O RMS
V V t d t
V V
t
o
t
o
e e
t
o
t
+
+
(
(
=
(
(

(
= +
(

}
R-L
load
T 1 T 3 T 5
T 4
T 2
T 6
A
B
C
6 - pulse combinations are:
(6,1) (1,2) (2,3) (3,4) (4,5) (5,6)
Io
R-L
load
T 1 T 3 T 5
T 4 T 6
A
B
C
When thyristors T1 & T6 conducts
T 2
A T1 RL T6 B
Io
R-L
load
T 1 T 3 T 5
T 4 T 6
A
B
C
When thyristors T1 & T2 conducts
T 2
A T1 RL T2 C
Io
R-L
load
T 1 T 3 T 5
T 4 T 6
A
B
C
When thyristors T2 & T3 conducts
T 2
B T3 RL T2 C
Io
R-L
load
T 1 T 3 T 5
T 4 T 6
A
B
C
When thyristors T3 & T4 conducts
T 2
B T3 RL T4 A
Io
R-L
load
T 1 T 3 T 5
T 4 T 6
A
B
C
When thyristors T4 & T5 conducts
T 2
C T5 RL T4 A
Io
R-L
load
T 1 T 3 T 5
T 4 T 6
A
B
C
When thyristors T5 & T6 conducts
T 2
C T5 RL T6 B
Io
Line
Voltages
Phase
Voltages
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Line
Voltages
Vo
(=0 )
AB AC BC BA CA CB
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
VCB VCA VAB VBA VBC VAC
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Vo
(=60 )
Io
Line
Voltages
Vo
(=0 )
AB AC BC BA CA CB
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
VCB VCA VAB VBA VBC VAC
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Vo
(=60 )
Io
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Line
Voltages
Vo
(=90 )
AB AC BC BA CA CB
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Vo
(=120 )
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Line
Voltages
Vo
(=90 )
AB AC BC BA CA CB
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Vo
(=120 )
The output load voltage consists of 6 voltage
pulses over a period of 2t radians, Hence the
average output voltage is calculated as
( )
2
6
6
. ;
2
3 sin
6
dc O
O dc
O ab m
V V v d t
v v V t
t
o
t
o
e
t
t
e
+
+
= =
| |
= = +
|
\ .
}
( )
2
6
mL
max
3
3 sin .
6
3 3 3
cos cos
Where V 3 Max. line-to-line supply vo
The maximum average dc output voltage is
obtained for a delay angle
ltage
3 3
0,
3
dc m
m mL
dc
m
m m
dm
dc
V V t d t
V V
V
V
V V
V V
t
o
t
o
t
e e
t
o o
t
o
t
t
+
+
| |
= +
|
\ .
= =
=
=
=
= = =
}
L
t
( )
( )
1
2
2
2
6
The normalized average dc output voltage is
cos
The rms value of the output voltage is found from
6
.
2
dc
dcn n
dm
O
O rms
V
V V
V
V v d t
t
o
t
o
o
e
t
+
+
= = =
(
(
=
(
(

}
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
2
2
2
6
1
2
2
2 2
6
1
2
6
.
2
3
3 sin .
2 6
1 3 3
3 cos 2
2 4
ab
O rms
m
O rms
m
O rms
V v d t
V V t d t
V V
t
o
t
o
t
o
t
o
e
t
t
e e
t
o
t
+
+
+
+
(
(
=
(
(

(
| | (
= +
|
(
\ .
(

| |
= +
|
|
\ .
}
}
For four quadrant operation in many industrial variable speed dc
drives , 3 phase dual converters are used.








Used for applications up to 2 mega watt output power level.

Dual converter consists of two 3 phase full converters which are
connected in parallel & in opposite directions across a common load.
+I0

-I0

+V0

-V0

Conv. 1
Inverting
o
1
> 90
0
Conv. 1
Rectifying
o
1
< 90
0
Conv. 2
Rectifying
o
2
< 90
0
Conv. 2
Inverting
o
2
> 90
0
The Dual Converter is operated such that:

One conv. should be Converter
One conv. should be Inverter
{1 < 90}
{2 > 90}
i.e, 1+2= 180
Conditions:
1. O/P voltage mag. of 2 converters should be same.
2. Polarities should be same.

i.e, Vo = Vo1 = -Vo2
Non Circulating current mode:
only one converter is in operation at a time, and it alone
carries the entire load current.

No Reactor is used between two converters.
Circulating current mode:
A reactor is inserted between two reactors. This
reactor limits the magnitude of circulating current
to a reasonable value.
load
V0
T 11 T 13 T1 5
T1 4
T1 2
T1 6 T 21 T 23 T 25
T 24 T 22
T 26
A
B
C C
B
A
V01 V02
Lr
2
Lr
2
Vr
Vr
2 2
Line
Voltages
Vo1
(=60 )
AB AC BC BA CA CB
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
VCB
VCA VAB VBA VBC VAC
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Vo2
(=120 )
Io
Line
Voltages
Vo1
(=60 )
AB AC BC BA CA CB
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
VCB
VCA VAB VBA VBC VAC
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Vo2
(=120 )
Vo=Vo1+Vo2
Vo2 (=120 )
2
Line
Voltages
Vo1
(=60 )
AB AC BC BA CA CB
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
VCB
VCA VAB VBA VBC VAC
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Vo2
(=120 )
Vo=Vo1+Vo2
Vo2 (=120 )
2
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Line
Voltages
Vr
AB AC BC BA CA CB
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Ic = Vr dt

Ic
1 2
3 sin sin
6 2
3 cos
6
The circulating current can be calculated by
using the equation
r O O ab bc
r m
r m
v v v v v
v V t t
v V t
t t
e e
t
e
= + =
(
| | | |
= +
| |
(
\ . \ .

| |
=
|
\ .
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
1
6
6
1
max
1
.
1
3 cos .
6
3
sin sin
6
3
t
r r
r
t
r m
r
m
r
r
m
r
r
i t v d t
L
i t V t d t
L
V
i t t
L
V
i
L
e
t
o
e
t
o
e
e
t
e e
e
t
e o
e
e
+
+
=
| |
=
|
\ .
(
| |
=
|
(
\ .

=
}
}
Because of Source Inductance effect, overlap conduction
of thyristors takes place.

At an instant, 3 thyristors will conduct

i.e, 2 thyristors from +ve group & 1 thyristor from -ve group

(or)

2 thyristors from -ve group & 1 thyristor from +ve group

So, .output voltage decreases.
R-L
load
T 1 T 3 T 5
T 4
T 2
T 6
A
B
C
Negative
Group
Positive
Group
+ve Group
Line
Voltages
Without
Ls
=0
= 0
AB AC BC BA CA CB
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
With Ls
=0
= 30
T1 T3 T5
T6 T2 T4 T6
I1 I3 I5
I6 I2 I4 I6
-ve Group
Vo
Ph-A
Decrease in output voltage due to overlap angle:
Vo = Area of the triangle

Vo = 6x (1/2) 0Vl d(t)

VO = 3Ls
Io

Io
For 3- full bridge conv. With R-L Load without Ls
VO = 33 Vm cos
Therefore, Avg. o/p voltage with overlap angle (or) Source Inductance
VO(avg) = 33 Vm cos


3Ls

Io
3 Phase semiconverters are used in Industrial dc drive
applications upto 120kW power output.

Single quadrant operation is possible.

Power factor decreases as the delay angle increases.

Power factor is better than that of 3 phase half wave
converter.
R-L
load
T 1 T 3 T 5
D 4
D 2
D 6
A
B
C
Io
R-L
load
T 1 T 3 T 5
D 4
D6
A
B
C
When thyristors T1 & T6 conducts
D 2
A T1 RL T6 B
Io
Line
Voltages
Vo
(=30 )
AB AC BC BA CA CB
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
VCB VCA VAB VBA VBC VAC
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Vo
(=60 )
Io
Line
Voltages
Vo
(=30 )
AB AC BC BA CA CB
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
VCB VCA VAB VBA VBC VAC
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Vo
(=60 )
Iph A
1,2 3,4 5,6
Phase A
For Inductive LOAD
To derive an Expression for the
Average Output Voltage of 3 Phase
Semiconverter for o > t / 3
and Discontinuous Output Voltage
( )
( )
7
6
6
7
6
6
For and discontinuous output voltage:
3
the Average output voltage is found from
3
.
2
3
3 sin
2 6
dc ac
dc m
V v d t
V V t d t
t
t
o
t
t
o
t
o
e
t
t
e e
t
+
+
>
(
(
=
(

(
| |
(
=
|
(
\ .

}
}
( )
( )
( )
max
3 3
1 cos
2
3
1 cos
2
3 Max. value of line-to-line supply voltage
The maximum average output voltage that occurs at
a delay angle of 0 is
3 3

m
dc
mL
dc
mL m
m
dm
dc
V
V
V
V
V V
V
V V
o
t
o
t
o
t
= +
= +
= =
=
= =
( )
( )
( )
1
7
2
6
2
6
The normalized average output voltage is
0.5 1 cos
The rms output voltage is found from
3
.
2
dc
n
dm
ac
O rms
V
V
V
V v d t
t
t
o
o
e
t
+
= = +
(
(
=
(

}
( )
( )
( )
1
7
2
6
2 2
6
1
2
3
3 sin
2 6
3 sin 2
3
4 2
m
O rms
m
O rms
V V t d t
V V
t
t
o
t
e e
t
o
t o
t
+
(
| |
(
=
|
(
\ .

(
| |
= +
|
(
\ .

}