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8a-b)
Immigration
Industry
Labor
1. Prior to (before) the 1870s [note: some tests will use the 1890s as the point of separation], most immigrants to America had come from: A. B. C. D. Africa Asia Northern and western Europe Southern and eastern Europe
2. Starting with the 1870s [1890s], and continuing through the turn of the century, most immigrants to America came from: A. B. C. D. Asia Northern and western Europe South America Southern and eastern Europe
2. D Southern and eastern Europe (Todays immigrants come mainly from Central and South America and Asia.)
3. If you were an immigrant after the Civil War, which of the following would not likely apply to you? A. Settled in eastern urban (city) slums B. Welcomed by American workers C. Worked for low wages D. Faced social, religious, and economic persecution
3. B Welcomed by American workers American workers and their unions were the greatest opponent of immigration. Immigrants caused wages to go down, since they were willing to work for less money than would Americans. Immigrants were frequently used as scabs, who replaced American workers who were on strike.
4. Congress, responding to resentment and hostility in California, agreed in 1882 to exclude this group from immigrating to America. Which group? A. B. C. D. Africans Chinese Irish Mexicans
4. B Chinese Chinese workers came to America during the 1860s to help build the transcontinental railroad. More came later. This source of cheap labor kept wages low in California. This, coupled with racism, caused Californians to demand an end to Chinese immigration. Congress agreed, and passed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
5. Which American city was the first to respond to overcrowded conditions by constructing Americas first subway?
A. B. C. D.
5. C New York City As overcrowding conditions grew worse, New York City responded in two ways: building taller buildings, and constructing an underground railway system.
6. You own stock in a corporation (big business). The company goes out of business, but still owes huge amounts of money to its creditors. You do not have to pay any of this debt. What describes the reason why you do not? A. B. C. D. Limited liability Pooling Rebates Stock watering
6. A Limited liability
Pooling = companies divide up the market or a geographic area so they wont have to compete with each other Rebates = railroad companies would give you a kick back or rebate (money) in order to get you to ship your products on their lines Stock watering = a company artificially inflates or exaggerates the value of the business in order to raise the price of its stock
A. B. C. D.
7. D Steel
One of the biggest problems with producing steel was impurities, which weakened the final product. In the Bessemer Process, air is forced into the molten iron to increase the heat, thus removing carbon and other impurities.
A. B. C. D.
Thomas Edison -- electric light bulb Alexander Graham Bell -- telegraph Wright brothers -- airplane Henry Ford -- assembly line production
8. B Alexander Graham Bell -- telegraph Alexander Graham Bell = telephone Samuel F. B. Morse = telegraph
A. Andrew Carnegie -- oil, Standard Oil Trust B. J. P. Morgan -- finance, banking C. John D. Rockefeller -- steel D. Cornelius Vanderbilt -- sugar, food (meat packing)
10. The American Federation of Labor and other labor unions opposed immigration in the second half of the 19th century (1800s). What was the main reason for this opposition?
A. Their members were mainly Protestants; the immigrants were mainly Catholic and Jewish B. They feared that the American culture would change for the worse C. They disliked the socialist and communist ideas that the foreigners brought with them from Europe D. They knew that immigrants would work for lower wages than would an American laborer
10. D They knew that immigrants would work for lower wages than would an American laborer
Think about what the question asked: the main, or most important, reason why unions opposed immigration. All the answers are correct, but the one which is most correct (or most important) is D.
A. B. C. D.
Clayton Anti-trust Act Elkins Act Interstate Commerce Act Sherman Anti-trust Act
12. Which event brought about the most change in American life styles during the late nineteenth and early 20th centuries? A. B. C. D. Settlement of the west Industry and technology Growth of urban America Civil rights
13. Immigration experienced an explosive growth from c. 1890 to the First World War mainly for what reason?
A. B. C. D. Lax U.S. immigration laws Abundance of cheap farm land in the west Americas Open Door Policy Growth of American industry
14. In the late 19th / early 20th centuries, household tasks were simplified and eased mainly because of:
A. Smaller families (fewer children) B. Fewer women worked outside the home C. The introduction of a new power source (electricity) D. Cheap immigrant labor meant families could hire household servants
15. Events, such as the Martinsburg railroad strike, the Haymarket Riot, the Homestead strike, and the Pullman strike mainly: A. Led to an improvement in workers wages and working conditions B. Caused a negative public reaction against labor violence C. Brought about laws to limit the number of immigrants (who were frequently used as scabs) coming into the country D. Caused a negative public reaction against the employers and business owners
16. The Martinsburg railroad strike, the Homestead strike, and the Pullman strike were all put down (ended) by: A. Troops were sent in B. Strike breakers (Pinkertons) beat up the strikers C. Scabs replaced the striking workers D. The owners outlasted the strikers, and the workers gave up
16. A Troops were sent in If strikes turned violent, and people were hurt or property was destroyed, or if the strike interfered with railroad transportation or the delivery of the mail, state or federal troops were sometimes sent in to forcibly end the strike.
17. Prior to F.D.R. and the New Deal, what was the position of the U.S. government in the laborbusiness disputes?
A. Government ignored the problems B. Government sided with business C. Government sided with labor D. Government was an even-handed mediator between business and labor
18. Men, such as Alexander G. Bell, Thomas Edison, Westinghouse, Wright brothers, Ford, were:
A. B. C. D.
18. B Inventors
Bell -- telephone Edison -- electric light Westinghouse -- air brakes for railroads, refrigerated railroad cars Wright brothers -- airplane Ford -- automobile, assembly line production
19. Which of the following best explains the differences between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor?
A. The Knights of Labors membership was open to all workers, while the AFL accepted only skilled workers B. Samuel Gompers led the Knights of Labor, while the AFL was led by Terrence Powderly C. The goals of the Knights was mainly centered around excluding immigrants from the American workforce D. The Knights were better at getting their demands met than was the AFL
19. A The Knights of Labors membership was open to all workers, while the AFL accepted only skilled workers
The Knights of Labor was too broad and inclusive a union to be practical. It included skilled and unskilled workers, factory and farm workers. Its goals were too general. The AFL, on the other hand, limited its membership to skilled workers; these were much harder to replace in a strike, so the AFL had more bargaining power. Its goals were simple: higher wages and better working conditions. Gompers = AFL Powderly = Knights of Labor
A. B. C. D.
20. B Capitalist
Debs was a socialist, not a capitalist. As leader of the American Railway Union, he called the Pullman Strike. When the strike turned violent, Debs was arrested; he spent much of his adult life in jail because of his union activities. Debs was an industrial unionist. Like the old Knights of Labor, he believed that a union should represent all workers in an industry, not just the skilled ones .
21. Which labor action ended up costing workers all of their gains made during a Chicago mass strike in 1883?
A. B. C. D. Haymarket Riot Homestead Strike Martinsburg railroad strike Pullman Strike
A. B. C. D.
22. B Steel
Carnegies manager, Henry Frick, cut workers wages during one of the economic downturns in the 1890s. The workers responded by going on strike. Frick brought in Pinkerton agents to break up the strike. Violence resulted. The Governor of Pennsylvania sent in troops to restore order, and scabs were brought in to work the steel mill. The workers gave up and came back to work. Their wages were cut even more, and their working hours increased. Later, someone shot Henry Frick. Carnegies reputation in America was hurt as a result his companys handling of the strike.
23. During the period following the Civil War, there was an intense movement of settlers into which section of America? A. South B. Pacific coast C. Rural areas of the northeast D. The land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains
23. D The land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains
Northeastern rural areas were settled during the colonial period or shortly thereafter. The Pacific coast was settled mainly in the 1840s. The South was settled prior to the Civil War. The last great open area left for settlement in the contiguous United States was the Great Plains.
24. During the years immediately following the Civil War, a ______ empire built up on the unfenced open land of the west. A. B. C. D. Cattle Corn Cotton Wheat
24. A Cattle
Cotton = south Corn and wheat = Great Plains Wild and unclaimed cattle were rounded up in the west and driven to railroad terminals for shipment to the slaughter houses of Chicago and other cities. Later, the open land was fenced in, and cattle raising became a more organized business.
25. What 1862 law gave away land in the Great Plains to those who would settle, live on, and farm the land? A. B. C. D. Homestead Act Land Reclamation Act Manifest Destiny Morrill Landgrant Act
26. Which of the following might be more likely to move west after the Civil War?
A. B. C. D.
Eastern banker Skilled factory worker Southerners and African-Americans Farmer in Indiana
27. Which of the following would not have influenced the economy of the new lands opening up in the west? A. B. C. D. Bessemer furnace McCormicks mechanical reaper Railroads Refrigerated rail cars
The reaper made it easier to harvest grain; the railroads took the crops and cattle to markets in the east, and brought finished products back to sell; refrigerated rail cars made it possible to ship meats and vegetables to markets long distances away.
28. During the late 1800s, what was the primary immigration processing center in America?
A. B. C. D.
29. Which of the following groups did not contribute heavily to the manpower needed to build the transcontinental railroad? A. B. C. D. African-Americans Chinese Irish Slavs and Italians
30. Which of the following groups would not have been found among the coal miners in the east?
A. B. C. D.
30. D Chinese
31. As an immigrant ship would pull into New York harbor, one of the immigrants first views of America would have been: A. B. C. D. Ellis Island Empire State Building Five Points slum area Statue of Liberty
32. Which institution was most important in helping immigrants assimilate into the American melting pot culture? A. B. C. D. Local Boss-run urban government Local ethnic-based clubs Labor Unions Public schools
A. B. C. D.
33. D 1920s
Between 1870 and World War I, so many immigrants came into America that one out of every 3 Americans was foreign born. By 1920, America had had enough. Starting in 1921, the government limited both the number of immigrants who were allowed to come in, and the type (place of origin). Immigration was reduced from a flood to a trickle. Starting with the 1970s, however, the trickle once again became a flood.
34. Which of the following least applies to the lives of immigrants from the 1870s to World War I?
A. Readily and easily assimilated into the American mainstream B. Low paid jobs in urban industrial centers C. Tenements and slum living conditions D. Social and religious discrimination
35. In the year 1900, if a new state were added to the United States, it would come from which geographic region? A. Northeast B. Close to the eastern range of the Rocky Mountains C. Pacific Coast D. Southeastern Gulf Coast