Greens

Theorem
Gauss
Theorem
Stokes
Theorem
1. Greens Theorem
(No, he was not French)
George Green
July 14, 1793 - May 31, 1841
British mathematician and physicist
First person to try to explain a mathematical theory of
electricity and magnetism
Almost entirely self-taught!
Published An Essay on the Application of Mathematical
Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism in
1828.
Entered Cambridge University as an undergraduate in
1833 at age 40.

The Theory
Consider a simple closed curve C, and let D be the region
enclosed by the curve.
Notes:
The simple, closed curve has no holes in the region D
A direction has been put on the curve with the convention that the curve C
has a positive orientation if the region D is on the left as we traverse the path.

dA
y
f
x
g
gdy fdx
C D
} }} |
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
= +
Example
Section 13.2, problem 2
A particle moves once counterclockwise about the circle of radius 6
about
the origin, under the influence of the force:


Calculate the work done.
j x y i x x y e F
x

) (

)) cosh( (
2 / 3
+ + + =

( ) ) sin( 6 ), cos( 6 ) ( t t t C =
) 2 , 0 ( : t = t I
6
F

( )
}
=
I
dt t C t C F W ) ( ' ) (
( )dt t t t t t t t e
t
) cos( 6 ), sin( 6 ) cos( 6 ) ( sin 6 )), cos( 6 cosh( ) cos( 6 ) sin( 6
2
0
2
3
) cos( 6

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
}
t
( ) ) sin( 6 ), cos( 6 ) ( t t t C =
j x y i x x y e F
x

) (

)) cosh( (
2 / 3
+ + + =

Remember:
dt t t t t t e t
t
}
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
t 2
0
2
3
) cos( 6
36 ) ( sin ) cos( 36 )) cos( 6 cosh( ) cos( ) sin( 36 ) sin( 6
t 72 =
Direct computation:
}
=
C
s d F Work

= dt t C s d ) ( '

( )
}
=
I
dt t C t C F Work ) ( ' ) (
( ) ) sin( 6 ), cos( 6 ) ( t t t C =
j x y i x x y e F
x

) (

)) cosh( (
2 / 3
+ + + =

Remember:
t 72 =
Greens Theorem:
}
=
C
s d F Work

dA
y
f
x
g
gdy fdx
C D
} }} |
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
= + =
}
=
C
s d F Work

x y g + =
2 / 3
) cosh(x x y e f
x
+ =
1 =
c
c
x
g
1 =
c
c
y
f
) 6 ( 2 2 ) 1 1 (
2
t = = + =
}} }}
D D
dA dA Work
Greens Theoremand beyond
Greens Theorem is a crucial component in
the development of many famous works:
James Maxwells Equations
Gauss Divergence Theorem
Stokes Integral Theorem
13.7 Gauss Divergence
Theorem
(Also not French)
Gauss in the House
German mathematician, lived
1777-1855
Born in Braunschweig, Duchy of
Braunschweig-Lneburg in
Northwestern Germany
Published Disquisitiones
Arithmeticae when he was 21 (and
what have you done today?)
As a workaholic, was once
interrupted while working and told
his wife was dying. He replied
tell her to wait a moment until
Im finished.
Gauss Divergence Theorem
- The integral of a continuously differentiable
vector field across a boundary (flux) is equal
to the integral of the divergence of that vector
field within the region enclosed by the
boundary.

Applications
The Aerodynamic Continuity Equation
The surface integral of mass flux around a control volume
without sources or sinks is equal to the rate of mass storage.
If the flow at a particular point is incompressible, then the net
velocity flux around the control volume must be zero.
As net velocity flux at a point requires taking the limit of an
integral, one instead merely calculates the divergence.
If the divergence at that point is zero, then it is incompressible. If
it is positive, the fluid is expanding, and vice versa
Gausss Theorem can be applied to any vector field which obeys an
inverse-square law (except at the origin), such as gravity,
electrostatic attraction, and even examples in quantum physics such
as probability density.

Example
Assume there is a unit circle centered on the
origin and a vector field V(x,y,z)=
To find the vector flux of the field across the
surface of the sphere, both the unit normal
integral and the Gauss divergence integral
will be computed
) , , (
2 2
xz y xyz
The unit normal of the sphere is defined as


It will be much easier to compute this integral in spherical
coordinates, making:



The 3-D surface integral for radius = 1 (plus Jacobian) is
equal to:

Unit Normal Integration
) , , ( z y x n =
) ) cos( ) sin( ) cos( , ) sin( ) sin( ), cos( ) sin( ) cos( ) sin( (
3 3 2 2 2 2 3
| | u | u | | u u = V
)) cos( ), sin( ) cos( ), sin( ) (sin( | | u | u = n
0 ) cos( ) sin( ) cos( ) sin( ) sin( ) cos( ) sin( ) cos( ) sin(
3 2 4 3 4 2
2
0 0
= + +
} }
| u | | u | u | | u u
t t
d d
Now, Gauss Divergence Theorem shall be used, and the same
result should be obtained
The divergence of the vector V:



The integration results in:





This verifies Gauss Theorem
Keep in mind however that this is only possible with continuously
differentiable functions, not all functions


Gauss Divergence Integration
) sin( ) sin( 2 )] cos( ) sin( ) sin( ) cos( ) sin( ) cos( 2 [ 2 2
2
| u | | u | | u + + = + + = - V xz y yz V
0 ) ( sin ) sin( 2 )] cos( ) ( sin ) sin( ) cos( ) ( sin ) cos( 2 [
) sin( ) (
2 3 2 2 4
1
0
2
0 0
2
1
0
2
0 0
= + +
= - V
} } }
} } }
| u | u | | u | | u
| u |
t t
t t
d d d
d d d V
13.8 The Integral
Theorem of Stokes
Sir George Gabriel Stokes
(Aug. 13, 1819 Feb. 1, 1903)
Irish mathematician and physicist who attended
Pembroke College (Cambridge University).
(Again, also not French)
After graduating as Senior Wrangler (first in class in
mathematics) and as a Smiths Prizemen (award for
excellence in research), he was awarded a fellowship
and did much of his lifes work at Cambridge.
Stokes was the oldest of the trio of natural
philosophers who contributed to the fame of the
Cambridge University school of Mathematical Physics
in the middle of the 19
th
century. The others were:
James Clark Maxwell - Maxwells Equations,
electricity, magnetism and inductance.
Lord Kelvin - Thermodynamics, absolute
temperature scale.
Stokes is remembered for his numerous contributions
to science and mathematics which included research
in the areas of hydrodynamics, viscosity, elasticity,
wave theory of light and optics.
Stokes Theorem
Interesting Fact : This theorem is also known as the Kelvin Stokes Theorem because it was actually
discovered by Lord Kelvin. Kelvin then presented his discovery in a letter to Stokes. Stokes, who was
teaching at Cambridge at the time, made the theory a proof on the Smiths Prize exam and the name
stuck. Additionally, this theorem was used in the derivation of 2 of Maxwells Equations!
Given: A three dimensional surface in a vector field F. Its
boundary is denoted by orientation n.
Stokes Theorem:
So what does it mean?
As Greenes Theorem provides the transformation from a line integral to a surface integral, Stokes
theorem provides the transformation from a line integral to a surface integral in three-dimensional
space.
Simply said, the surface integral of the curl of a vector field over a three dimensional surface is equal
to the line integral of the vector field over the boundary of the surface.
An application from Aerodynamics
The circulation, of a flow is defined as the line integral of the velocity over a closed curve, C:
C
V
ndA
}
- = I
C
s d V

Given: A three dimensional surface in Velocity Field V with boundary C.

Now, by Stokes Theorem, we can say that the circulation around the closed contour C is equal to the
surface integral of the curl of the velocity field over the surface. Mathematically, this is written as:
dA n V s d V
A C
- - = - = I
}} }
) (

Example from Aerodynamics

Given: An incompressible, steady from where the velocity field is:
j xy
y
i xy y x V )
3
( ) (
2
3
2 2
+ =

} } }
+ = - = I vdy udx s d V
C

Find: For the plane shown, show that the circulation around the boundary is equal to the
surface integral of the curl of the velocity field over the surface (verify Stokes Theorem).
Solution:
x
y
y=x
(1,1)
1
2
3
} }
+
1
0
0
0
2
3
2 2
)
3
( ) ( dy xy
y
dx xy y x
1.)
y = 0, x = x
= 0
2.)
y = y, x = 1
} }
+
1
1
1
0
2
3
2 2
)
3
( ) ( dy xy
y
dx xy y x
= -1/4
} }
+
0
1
0
1
2
3
2 2
)
3
( ) ( dy xy
y
dx xy y x
3.)
y = x
= 1/6
12
1
TOTAL =
Now, evaluating the curl of the velocity vector over the surface.
Example from Aerodynamics (continued)
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
=
0
3

2
3
2 2
xy
y
xy y x
z y x
k j i
V

dA n V
A
- -
}}
) (

k xy x y

) 2 (
2 2
+ =
} } }}
- + = - -
1
0 0
2 2

) 2 ( ) (
x
A
dydx k k xy x y dA n V

}
=
1
0
3
3
1
dx x
12
1
=
12
1
) ( = - - = - = I
}} }
dA n V s d V
A C

Thus, Stokes Theorem is verified:

Summary
Greens Theorem discovered in 1825
Gauss Theorem discovered in 1813
Stokes Theorem discovered in 1850
Gauss
(Germany)
Stokes
(Ireland)
Green
(England)