ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

INTELLIGENCE
INTELLIGENCE !
• Intelligence is the
computational part of
the ability to achieve
goals in the world.
Varying kinds and
degrees of
intelligence occur in
people, many animals
and some machines.
SYNTHETIC INTELLIGENCE

• Artificial intelligence is
“the study and design
of intelligent agents.
INTELLEGENT AGENTS
• It is a system that
perceives its
environment and
takes actions which
maximize its chances
of success. AI can be
seen as a realization
of an abstract
intelligent agent i.e
AIAI.
INTELLEGENT AGENTS
• Among the traits that
researchers hope
machines will exhibit
are reasoning,
knowledge, planning,
learning,
communication,
perception and the
ability to move and
manipulate objects .
HISTORY
HISTORY

• In the early 80s, AI

research was revived by
the commercial success
of expert systems;
applying the knowledge
and analytical skills of
one or more human
experts. By 1985 the
market for AI had
reached more than a
billion dollars.
 A Question- ‘CAN’ it be done ??
• Think beyond……
Problems of AI
Deduction, Reasoning, Problem solving
• Early AI researchers
imitated the process of
step-by-step reasoning
that human beings use
when they solve puzzles,
play board games, or
make logical deductions.
• AI research had also
developed successful
methods for dealing with
uncertain or incomplete
information.
Deduction, Reasoning, Problem solving
• Human beings solve most
of their problems using
unconscious reasoning,
rather than the conscious,
step-by-step deduction
that early AI research
was able to model.

• The problem of
unconscious problem
solving, which forms part
of our
commonsense reasoning,
is largely unsolved.
Unconscious Knowledge
• Much of what people
know isn't represented as
"facts" or "statements"
that they could actually
say out loud. They take
the form of intuitions or
tendencies and are
represented in the brain
unconsciously. This
unconscious knowledge
informs, supports and
provides a context for our
conscious knowledge.
Unsupervised Learning
• Find a model that
matches a stream of
input "experiences",
and be able to predict
what new
"experiences" to
expect.
Motion & Manipulation
• Intelligence is required for
robots to be able to
handle such tasks as
object manipulation and
navigation, with sub-
problems of localization
(knowing where you are),
mapping (learning what is
around you) and
motion planning (figuring
out how to get there).
Approaches to AI
Cybernetics & Brain Simulation
• A number of researchers
have explored the
connection between
neurology,
information theory, and
cybernetics. Some of
them built machines that
used electronic networks
to exhibit rudimentary
intelligence.
Artificial Neural Networks
• It consists of an
interconnected group of
artificial neurons and
processes information
using a connectionist
approach to computation.
In most cases an ANN is
an adaptive system that
changes its structure
based on external or
internal information that
flows through the network
during the learning
phase.
Knowledge based AI
Expert Systems
• An expert system,
also known as a
knowledge based
system, is a
computer program
that contains the
knowledge and
analytical skills of one
or more human
experts, related to a
specific subject.
Expert Systems
• The most common form
of expert system is a
computer program, with a
set of rules, that analyzes
information about a
specific class of
problems, and
recommends one or more
courses of user action.
The expert system may
also provide
mathematical analysis of
the problem(s).
So the answer is
This ‘CAN’ be done !!
Applications of AI
Welcome to the FUTURE
Speech Recognition
• While it is possible to
instruct some
computers using
speech, most users
have gone back to the
keyboard and the
mouse as still more
convenient.
Understanding Natural Language
• Just getting a sequence
HELLO !
of words into a computer
is not enough. The
computer has to be
provided with an
understanding of the
domain the text is about,
and this is presently
possible only for very
limited domains.
Conversation between ME & ELIZA
Eliza: Hello. I am ELIZA. How can I help you?
ME: hello! I am NIKET.
Eliza: How do you do. Please state your problem.
ME: I am in a dilemma.
Eliza: How long have you been in a dilemma?
ME: since a long time .
Eliza: Please go on.
ME: I want to know if GOD exists .
Eliza: Do you wish that god exists?
ME: yes
Eliza: You are sure?
ME: yes
Eliza: You are sure?
ME: yes
Eliza: You are sure?
ME: yes
Eliza: You are sure?
Game Playing
• There is some AI in
them, but they play
well against people
mainly through brute
force computation--
looking at hundreds of
thousands of
positions.
Game Playing
• The most obvious is
in the control of any
NPCs in the game,
although scripting is
currently the most
common means of
control.
Pattern Recognition
• For example, a vision
program may try to match
a pattern of eyes and a
nose in a scene in order
to find a face. More
complex patterns, e.g. in
a chess position are also
studied. These more
complex patterns require
quite different methods
than do the simple
patterns.
Genetic Programming
• Genetic programming
is a technique for
getting programs to
solve a task by
mating random Lisp
programs and
selecting fittest in
millions of
generations.
DANGERS of AI

I Hate HUMANS !!
SUPERINTELLIGENCE
• Deep Blue chess
program which beat world
chess champion.
• Deep Blue searches over
200 million moves per
second.. It evaluates
each position and makes
its choice of move based
on the evaluation
algorithm.
Conflicts between Androids and Humans

• Androids will displace

humans from their
jobs. The result may
be attempts by some
humans to destroy
androids.
NANOMACHINES
• Human-surpassing
computing power is
usually estimated at
10^17 ops/sec……
even primitive
nanocomputing will
allow to put this
amount of computing
power in your shirt
pocket, and power it
for ten watts
NANOMACHINES
• This one an electron
micrograph of an
actual T4
bacteriophage
infecting a bacterium.
You can see its little
cell puncturing device
penetrating the
bacterium.
Question – ‘SHOULD’ we do this ?
 You are gone
buddy !

Hey you !

Do my
homework .
 Be alert
THANKS FOR

LISTENING !

mahesh