Colligative properties

4. Osmotic Pressure

Osmosis is a process of permeating of a dilute

solution to more concentrate solution
through a semipermeable membrane.

Semipermeable membrane: is thin layer which

can only be passed through by solvent
molecules but it cannot be passed by the
solute molecules.

Solution SBI 2008 19b1

 Colligative properties (cont’d)
As an example of osmosis process can been in
the following figure, where two sugar
solutions with different concentration
placed in one beaker glass separated by
semipermeable membrane with
concentration of solution 1 is more
concentrated than solution 2.
After the osmosis, the volume of solution 2 is
decreased, as it was permeated through
membrane into solution 1. While the sugar
molecules remain the same. So solution 2 is
now becomes more concentrated
Solutionthan
SBI 2008 19b2
 Colligative properties (cont’d)
Semipermeable membrane

Solution 1 Solution 2 Solution 1 Solution 2

0 0
0 o 0 o0 0 0 0 0 o 0 o0
o o o 0 0o 0 o o
0 0
0 0 o 0 0 00 0 0 o 0 0 00
o o o o 0 o o o o o 0 o
0 o 0o 0 0 0 0 0 o 0o 0 0 0 0
Initial condition
After osmosis process occurred
(before osmosis occurred)

o = sugar molecules
0 = water molecules

Solution 1 is more concentrated than solution 2

Solution SBI 2008 19b3
 Colligative properties (cont’d)
Osmotic pressure was formulated by Jacobus
Henricus van’t Hoff as:
Л = M.R.T
where
Л = osmotic pressure (atm)
M = molar concentration
R = universal gas constant (0.082
atm.l/mole.K)
T = absolute temperature (K) = °C + 273

For electrolyte solution, the formula used is:

Л = M.R.T.i with i = (1 + (n-1)α)
Solution SBI 2008 19b4
 Colligative properties (cont’d)
Example of Osmotic pressure
17.1 g of sugar (Mr 342) is dissolved to 500 mL
of water. Calculate the osmotic pressure at
25°C.
Answer:
First calculate M of sugar:
M=(mass/Mr)x(1000/v)=
(17.1/342)x(1000/500)
= 0.1 M
T = 25 + 273 = 298 K, then put the data into
the formula  Л = M.R.T= 0.1 x 0.082 x
298
Solution SBI 2008 19b4
 Question for Colligative properties
Question 1. The osmotic pressure of KOH in 5.0
l at 27°C is 9.56 atm. If α = 1 and Mr KOH
74, calculate the amount of KOH dissolve in
this solution

Question 2. If we are provided the following

data:
10 % by mass of NaOH (Mr 40). The vapor
pressure of water is 74.1 mmHg, Kb: 0.52
°C/mole, Kf: 1.86°C/mole, ρ: 1 g/mL and α =
0.95, at 25°C
Determine: the vapor pressure, boiling point,
Solution SBI 2008 19b5
 Definition of Acid, Base and Salt
1. Acid according to Arrhenius is a substance that
produces hydrogen ions (H+) in solution , while
according to Brosnted-Lowry is a proton donor.
HCl(aq)  H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) or HCl(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl-
(aq)

The equilibrium constant value (Ka) of this acid is:

+ - + -
[H ][Cl ] [H3O ][Cl ]
Ka = or Ka =
[HCl] [HCl] [H2O]

The concentration of water is constant (1) as it is as the

solvent
Solution SBI 2008 20
 Definition(Cont’d)
H2SO4 is also acid. Why?
Because it can also release H+, based on this
reaction
H2SO4(aq)  2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
Can you write the constant equilibrium value for
this acid?
There are two kinds of acid: strong and weak.
The specific sign of weak acid is the Ka value
always given (for strong acid, normally not
written)
Strong acid: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, HBr, HI, HClO4
Solution SBI 2008 21
 Definition(Cont’d)
2. Base according to Arrhenius is a substance that
produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution ,
while according to Brosnted-Lowry is a proton
acceptor.

NaOH(aq)  Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Ca(OH)2(aq)  Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

The equilibrium constant value (Kb) of these base

+ - 2+ - 2
are:[Na ][OH ] [Ca ][OH ]
Kb = and Kb =
[NaOH] [Ca(OH)2]

Solution SBI 2008 22

 Definition(Cont’d)
There are also two kinds of base: Strong and
weak.
The specific sign of weak base is the Kb value
always given (for strong base, normally not
written)

Strong base: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2,

Ba(OH)2
Weak base: NH4OH

Besides Ka for weak acid and Kb for weak base, the

Solution SBI 2008 23
 Definition(Cont’d)
3. Salt is an ionic compound, composed of left
over of an acid and cation.

Salt is normally formed as a result of reaction

between acid and base.

Example:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
salt
NaCl  Na+ + Cl-
cation left over acid (from HCl)
Solution SBI 2008 24
 Definition(Cont’d)
If we have K2SO4, from which acid and base, is it
formed?

K2SO4 ionize as the following:

K2SO4  2K+ + SO42-
cation left over acid (from H2SO4)
So K2SO4 is from reaction of
2KOH + H2SO4  K2SO4 + 2H2O

Water is always produced in the reaction of acid

and base, so sometimes we call this reaction
as neutralization reaction. Solution SBI 2008 25
 Definition(Cont’d)
When we react acid and base, we can find
concentration of one compound if other is
known.
The process of the determination of acid/base by
base/acid is known as titration.
In laboratory, normally base is put in the burette,
while the acid is in Erlenmeyer.
To know when the reaction is finished (the
concentration of acid and base equal), we used
an indicator to give a certain color as a sign
where the reaction has completed.
Indicator is a chemical that changes color and
used to mark the end point of titration.
Solution SBI 2008 26
 Definition(Cont’d)
The formula used to calculate the unknown
sample is:
V1.M1.n1 = V2.M2.n2
or we can write as = V1.N1 = V2.N2
Where V1 = volume of solution 1
M1 = molar concentration of solution 1
n1 = valency of solution 1
V2 = volume of solution 2
M2 = molar concentration of solution 2
n1 = valency of solution 2
N1 = normality (M1 x n1) of solution
Solution 1SBI 2008 27
 Definition(Cont’d)
Example 1: 10 mL 0.12 M HCl is titrated with NaOH to
determine the concentration NaOH, the volume of
NaOH required is 9.0 mL, determine the
concentration of NaOH?
Answer: The valency of HCl and NaOH are 1. Why?
So we just put all the data to the known equation
V1.M1.n1 = V2.M2.n2
10 mL x 0.12 M x 1 = 9.0 mL x M NaOH x 1
M NaOH = 0.133
Question 1: 25 mL 0.15 M HCl is titrated with
Ca(OH)2 to determine the concentration
Ca(OH)2, the volume of Ca(OH)2 required is
Solution SBI 2008 28
 pH
pH scale is a log scale based on 10 and equal to –log
[H+].

pH is a convenient way to represent solution acidity.

So pH = –log [H+]
The smaller the pH value, the stronger the acid will be
(the base is less) and vice versa means the higher
the pH value, the stronger the base will be (the
acid is less)
For a base, we calculate as pOH = -log [OH-]
[H+] and [OH-] are concentration in molar
The relation between pH and pOH is= pH + pOH =
pKw Solution SBI 2008 29
 pH(Cont’d)

For acid or base which the valency more than 1, the

molar concentration is times the valency.

The above formulas are for strong acid and base.

Below is the representative value of the degree of

acidity
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Neutral
The acidity increased The basidity increased

We can say that acid when the pHSolution

< 7 and SBIbase
2008>
30
 pH(Cont’d)

Example 2: determine the pH solution of 0.01 M HCl

and 0.1 M NaOH!
Answer:
In HCl, the [H+] is= 0.01 M x 1 (because the valency is
1)
So pH = -log [H+] = -log 10-2 = 2

For 0.1 NaOH, the [OH-] in NaOH is= 0.1 M x 1

So pOH= -log [OH-] = -log 0.1 = 1
The pH of NaOH can be calculated using pKw = pH +
pOH
So pH = pKw – pOH = 14 – 1
Solution SBI 2008 31
 pH(Cont’d)

Question 2: calculate the pH solution when 4.9 g of

H2SO4 is dissolved in 1 L water (Mr 98)!

Question 3: If we dissolve 1.85 g Ca(OH)2 in 2000 mL

water, calculate the pH (Mr 74)

Solution SBI 2008 32