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MT271 STATISTICS FOR NONMAJORS (3 UNITS)

INSTRUCTOR: Mr. SELEKA, P. Dept. of Maths Building, Room 312

Course Objectives

To understand the basic ideas of elementary statistics and facility in the basis techniques with emphasis on practical applications to science and engineering

Delivery
Lectures: Monday Wednesday Thursday 14 - 15, Theater 2 18 19, Theater 2 13 14, Theater 2

Tutorials: Check your time table!

Chapter one: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Lecture 1: Introduction to Statistics

Statistics is a Science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting and analyzing of data as well as drawing valid conclusion and making reasonable decisions on the basis of that analysis. Statistical investigation and analysis of data fall into two broad categories; these are descriptive statistics and inductive/inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics deals with processing data without attempting to draw any inferences from them. It refers to the presentation of data in the form of tables, charts/graphs and gives some characteristics of data such as averages and dispersion.

Introduction, contd

Inductive statistics is a scientific discipline concerned with developing and using mathematical tools to make forecasts and inferences. The term inference means the act or process of deriving a conclusion based solely on what an individual knows.

Frequency distribution

A frequency distribution is the arrangement of data in tabular form according to frequencies. Data in frequency distributions may be ungrouped or grouped

Frequency distribution: Ungrouped data


Each individual data is assigned its frequency in formulation of frequency distributions Example 1.1 The following data were obtained when a die was rolled 30 times. 1 2 4 2 2 6 3 5 6 3 3 1 3 1 3 4 5 3 5 3 5 1 6 3 1 2 4 2 4 4 Construct a frequency table.

Example 1.1:
Solution:
Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tally Frequency 5 5 8 5 4 3 30 Relative frequency
5/30 = 0.1667 5/30 = 0.1667 8/30 = 0.2666 5/30 = 0.1667 4/30 = 0.1333 3/30 = 0.1000 1.0

Percentag e Freq.
16.67 16.67 26.66 16.67 13.33 10.00 100.00

Total

Frequency distr.: Grouped data with classes of equal length

When there is a huge mass of data with many of the values being distinct, it is convenient to form a grouped frequency distribution rather than ungrouped. In this case various values are grouped in a class and they are tallied to obtain a class frequency. The grouped frequency distributions of equal class size are reasonable only when the data do not contain extreme values (values that are very far from the others).

Frequency distr.: Grouped data with classes of equal length

There are no specific rules in formulating such kind of frequency distributions, it depends on the number of classes do you want. It is advised to have between 6 to 12 classes depending on the size of the data. The following steps may however be helpful in formulating the distribution

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Identify the smallest and largest values of the data set and hence compute the range Decide on the number of classes you want in the distribution and hence compute the class interval using the relation Range h Number of Classes Write your first class of size h with the lower limit (first value) 2 or 3 units below the smallest value. Make sure that all data are included in the distribution Tally the frequency of each class and hence obtain a grouped frequency distribution

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Example 1.2
The following data give the amount (in dollars) spent on groceries by a family during the past forty weeks 32 22 19 18 43 42 40 43 18 21 31 26 22 25 47 40 26 32 22 38 34 28 35 47 26 35 38 35 28 19 35 38 36 25 22 45 48 26 34 41 Construct a frequency distribution using seven classes

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Solution

The minimum value is 18, the maximum value is 48. Range = 48 18 = 30. Number of classes = 7 Then class size h = 30/7 = 4.29 5 The classes are 15 19, 20 24, 25 29, 30 34, 35 39, 40 44, 45 49 which surely include all values from 18 to 48.

The frequency distribution for the data is then formulated below:

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Solution
Class Tally Frequency

15 19
20 24 25 29

4
5 8

30 34
35 39 40 44 45 49 Total

5
8 6 4 40

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Frequency distr.: Grouped data with classes of unequal width/size

If data consists of some extreme values, the previous techniques can not be generally applicable. In this case only values that are closer from each other are considered first and the extreme values might be grouped together.

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Example 1.3
Prices of thirty stocks (in thousand of Shillings) on a given day were recorded as follows: 11.2 8.9 20.0 9.5 35 41 14.6 100.00 9.0 10.5 79 32.5 46.7 22.9 13.5 17.3 41.8 30.4 93.0 33.7 14.4 20.9 34.5 10.8 45.7 104 42.6 10.1 41.0 53.8 Formulate a grouped frequency distribution of five classes only.

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Solution

Although data range from 8.9 to 104 we find that most of the values are concentrated between 8 and 55, and few between 55 and 104. Since we need five classes only, we should obtain four from large group and one class for the extreme values.

For large group we have; Minimum value = 8.9, maximum value = 53.8, range = 44.9 Number of classes = 4. Hence h = 44.9/4 = 11.225 12. So the first four classes are 8 19, 20 31, 32 43, 44 55, and the fifth class is 56 104

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Solution
The frequency distribution table then becomes Class 8 19 20 31 32 43 44 55 56 104 Tally Frequency 11 4 8 3 4

Total

30

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Class Limits, Class Boundaries, Class Marks and Class Intervals

Class limits are the lower and upper values of a class. Thus each class has lower and upper limits. A class boundary is the middle value between an upper class limit of a class and the lower class limit of the next class in the sequence. Therefore, each class has an upper and lower class boundary A class mark is the middle value between lower and upper class boundaries or limits A class interval/size/width/length is the difference between upper boundary and lower boundary of a class.

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Example 1.4
Find the class limits, class boundaries, class marks and class width of the following classes 15 19 and 20 29. Solution
Class 15 19 20 - 29 Limits Lower 15 20 19 29 Boundaries Upper 19.5 29.5 14.5 19.5 Upper Lower Class mark 17 24.5 Class size 5 10

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