UMTS - Call Life Cycle

Stas Shilkrut July 2008

This Presentation based on 3G TR 25.922 version 2.0.0 paper 1

Outline

WCDMA / UMTS basic

WCDMA vs. CDMA2000 Air Interface (WCDMA) 3G Traffic Class QoS Protocol Architecture Network Architecture

Radio Resources Management

Admission Control, Load Control, Packet Scheduler Handover Control and Power Control

Call flow

R99-call flow details Reviewing UE Logs of various call services

2

WCDMA vs. CDMA2000

Some of the Major Differences
Spread Spectrum Technique

WCDMA
5Mhz Wideband DS-SS

CDMA 2000
Multicarrier, 3x1.25MHz Narrowband DS-SS, 250kHz Guard Band 3.6864Mcps (1.2288 per carrier) 20ms for data, 5ms for control,26ms for Sync 800Hz

Remarks
Multicarrier does not requires a contiguous spectral band. Both scheme can achieve similar performance Chip Rate alone does not determine system capacity Response and efficiency tradeoff

Chip Rates

3.84Mcps

Frame Lengths

10ms

Fast Power Control Rate Base Station Synchronization

1.5kHz

Higher gives better link performance

Asynchronous

Synchronized

Asynchronous requires not timing reference which is usually hard to acquire. Synchronized operation usually gives better performance
3

WCDMA Air Interface, Main Parameters

Multiple Access Method
Duplexing Method Base Station Synchronization Channel Separation

DS-CDMA
FDD/TDD Asynchronous Operation 5MHz

Chip Rate
Frame Length Service Multiplexing

3.84 Mcps
10 ms Multiple Services with different QoS Requirements Multiplexed on one Connection

Multirate Concept
Detection

Variable Spreading Factor and Multicode

Coherent, using Pilot Symbols or Common Pilot

Multi-user Detection, Smart Antennas Supported by Standard, Optional in Implementation

Direct-sequence spread spectrum

DSSS - is a modulation technique. As with other spread spectrum technologies, the transmitted signal takes up more bandwidth than the information signal that is being modulated. The name 'spread spectrum' comes from the fact that the carrier signals occur over the full bandwidth (spectrum) of a device's transmitting frequency. The information signal is inherently narrowband, on the order of less than 10 KHz. The energy from this narrowband signal is spread over a much larger bandwidth by multiplying the information signal by a wideband spreading code. Direct sequence spread spectrum is the technique used in CDMA systems.

Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum Spreading can also be achieved by hopping the narrowband information signal over a set of frequencies. This type of spreading can be classified as Fast or Slow depending on the rate of hopping to the rate of information: Fast hopping the hopping rate is larger than the bit rate. Slow hoppingmore than one bit is hopped from one frequency to another.
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WCDMA Air Interface

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Spreading

UE

UTRAN

CN

User 1

Wideband

f
Despreading

Code Gain

Spreading Received

Narrowband

User N

Wideband

Frequency Reuse Factor = 1

Variable Spreading Factor (VSF)
Spreading : 256

Multipath Delay Profile

Wideband

User 1

Wideband

Spreading : 16

Narrowband

User 2

Wideband

5 MHz Wideband Signal allows Multipath Diversity with Rake Receiver

VSF Allows Bandwidth on Demand. Lower Spreading Factor requires Higher SNR, causing Higher Interference in exchange.

UMTS FDD/TDD - radio transmission modes

UMTS FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) 190 MHz duplex distance ca. 5MHz (variable) carrier spacing (DS CDMA Direct Sequence CDMA) 12 bands in uplink & downlink
UMTS TDD (Time Division Duplex) 5 carriers in total, 15 timeslots per frame a user may use one or several timeslots a timeslot can be assigned to either uplink or downlink

7 | 53 7

UMTS Frame Structure

TPC: Transmit Power Control FBI :Feedback Information TFCI :Transport Format Combination Indicator TFI: Transport Format Identifier DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control Channel DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPCH: Dedicated Physical Channel 8

UMTS TDD Frame Structure

1 radio frame (10 ms), 15*2560 chips (3.84 Mcps) frame
Slot 1 Slot 2

Slot i

Slot 15

time

10 ms

1
slot

...

13

14

15

625 s

data

midample

data

GP

traffic burst

GP: Guard Period

W-TDMA/CDMA 2560 chips per slot symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to up/downlink tight synchronization needed

In each time slot the contribution of each user, a so-called burst, is a combination of two data fields ,a midamble and a guard period as shown in Fig. The midamble is a training sequence used particularly for channel equalization. In terms of spectrum efficiency, this training sequence is considered as a wasted data, which could represent up to 20% of the whole UMTS TDD physical channel
9

UMTS Traffic Classes

Conversational real time traffic flows, greatest delay sensitivity, e.g. voice or video telephony. Streaming - real time traffic flows, medium delay sensitivity, e.g. one-way streaming media.

Interactive - used for interactive but delay tolerant traffic flows which require smaller data error rates, e.g. web browsing or chat. Background used for non-urgent, delay tolerant traffic flows that require smaller data error rates, e.g. large file download or email retrieval.

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3G Traffic Class QoS Requirements

Conversational RT

Streaming RT
Audio/video streaming Dynamic unACK ARQ <1sec 10^-6, -7, -8
Request response pattern

Interactive NRT
Web browsing, network games

Background NRT
File download, emails

Applications Reliability control Delay BER

Fundamental characteristics

Audio/video conference Guaranteed no ARQ 100, 200, 400 msec 10^-3, -4, -5
Preserve time relation between information entities of the stream

Dynamic ACK ARQ <2 sec <10^-9

Preserve time relation between information entities of the stream

Dynamic ACK ARQ N/A <10^-9

Destination is not expecting the data within a certain time

Peak bit rate

0-2Mb/s

0-2Mb/s

N/A

N/A

Precedence))

high

medium

low

low

11 For example, a transmission might have a BER of 10 ^- 6, meaning that, out of 1,000,000 bits transmitted, one bit was in error during a specified time interval .

Standardization of WCDMA / UMTS

3GPP Release 4

3GPP Release 5-6 All IP Vision

Source : Overview of UMTS, Guoyou He, Telecommunication Software and Multimedia Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

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UMTS R99 Evolution to HSDPA

Release 99

HSDPA Release 5
HS-DSCH

HSDPA Release 6
HS-DSCH

DSCH
Downlink Shared Channel

Enhanced Channel Structure

Adaptive Modulation & Coding

MIMO (BLAST)

Fast Cell Selection

Hybrid ARQ

Dynamic Scheduling

Transmit Diversity Enhancements

2.048Mbps Packet

10.8Mbps Packet

21.6 Mbps Packet

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HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access

Standardized in 3GPP Release 5 Improves System Capacity and User Data Rates in the Downlink Direction to 10Mbps in a 5MHz Channel Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)

Replaces Fast Power Control : User farer from Base Station utilizes a coding and modulation that requires lower Bit Energy to Interference Ratio, leading to a lower throughput Replaces Variable Spreading Factor : Use of more robust coding and fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ, retransmit occurs only between UE and BS)

HARQ provides Fast Retransmission with Soft Combining and Incremental Redundancy

Soft Combining : Identical Retransmissions Incremental Redundancy : Retransmits Parity Bits only

Fast Scheduling Function

which is Controlled in the Base Station rather than by the RNC

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P.S - UMTS Protocol Architecture

UTRAN
UE Applic. TCP IP RNC GGSN

Packet Switched Core Network

IP server Application TCP IP IP

Radio Access Bearers

SGSN

IP

Radio Bearers
PDCP RLC MAC PDCP Iu UP GTP-U UDP Iu UP GTP-U UDP GTP-U GPRS IP backbone UDP/ TCP IP IP
IP routing

GTP-U UDP/ TCP IP

Logical channels Transport channels

Node B

RLC MAC PHY

PHY

FP
PHY
AAL2/ ATM

FP
AAL2/ ATM

IP AAL5/ ATM

IP AAL5/ ATM

IP

Physical channels

Uu

Iub

Iu

Gn

Gn/Gp

Gi

PDCP - Packet Data Convergence Protocol is used in UMTS to format the data into a suitable structure prior to transfer over the air interface. RLC - Radio Link Control A sub layer of the radio interface that provides reliability. RLC varies depending on the communication system employed.
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Summary of Protocols (CS user plane)

Uu
CS application and coding RLC MAC RLC MAC Iu-UP protocol Iu-UP protocol

Iub

Iu

CS application and coding

FP
WCDMA L1 WCDMA L1 AAL2 ATM PDH/SDH

FP AAL2 ATM PDH/SDH AAL2 ATM PDH/SDH AAL2 ATM PDH/SDH

UE FP Frame Protocol

Node B

RNC

MSC

AAL2 - ATM Adaptation layer 2 supports continuous bit rate transmissions, but also solves the problems of packetization delay and efficiency in the use of bandwidth resources. ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode - network technology based on transferring data in cells or packets of a fixed size. The small, constant cell size allows ATM equipment to transmit video, audio, and computer data over the same network, and assure that no single type of data hogs the line. ATM creates a fixed channel, or route, between two points whenever data transfer begins. This differs from TCP/IP , in which messages are divided into packets and each packet can take a different route from source to destination. This difference makes it easier to track and bill data usage across an ATM network, but it makes it less adaptable to sudden surges in network 16 traffic.

Summary of Protocols (UE control plane)

Network Application Support NAS RRC RLC MAC FP WCDMA L1 WCDMA L1 RRC RLC MAC FP RANAP SCCP MTP3b SSCF-NNI

Uu

Iub

Iu
NAS RANAP SCCP MTP3b SSCF-NNI

SSCOP AAL5
ATM

SSCOP AAL5
ATM

AAL2
ATM

AAL2
ATM

PDH/SDH

PDH/SDH

PDH/SDH

PDH/SDH

UE

Node B

RNC

CN

PDH - Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

The (PDH) is a technology used in telecommunications networks to transport large quantities of data over digital transport equipment such as fibre optic and microwave radio systems. The term plesiochronous is derived from Greek plesio, meaning near, and chronos, time, and refers to the fact that PDH networks run in a state where different parts of the network are almost, but not quite perfectly, synchronised. Due to limitations such as lack of flexibility and performance it has been superseded in some areas by SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy).
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Summary-Part 1
Uu Iu

Node B RNC USIM

Cu

MSC/ VLR

GMSC
External Networks CN
18

Node B
Iub Iur

HLR

ME

Node B RNC Node B

UE UTRAN

SGSN

GGSN

Bearer Services, QoS Classes WCDMA Air Interface : Spread Spectrum, Frame structure UMTS Protocol Architecture System Architecture

Radio Resources Management

Network Based Functions

Admission Control (AC)

Handles all new incoming traffic. Check whether new connection can be admitted to the system and generates parameters for it.

Load Control (LC)

Manages situation when system load exceeds the threshold and some counter measures have to be taken to get system back to a feasible load.

Packet Scheduler (PS)

Handles all non real time traffic, (packet data users). It decides when a packet transmission is initiated and the bit rate to be used.

Connection Based Functions

Handover Control (HC)

Handles and makes the handover decisions. Controls the active set of Base Stations of MS.

Power Control (PC)

Maintains radio link quality. Minimize and control the power used in radio interface, thus maximizing the call capacity.

Source : Lecture Notes of S-72.238 Wideband CDMA systems, Communications Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

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Network Based Functions

Only new RT

Preventive State

RT / NRT : Real-time / Non-Real-time

RAB : Radio Access Bearer 20

Source : Lecture Notes of S-72.238 Wideband CDMA systems, Communications Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

Connection Based Function- Power Control

Power Control

Outer Loop Power Control If quality < target, increases SIRTARGET

Prevent Excessive Interference and Near-far Effect

Open-Loop Power Control Rough estimation of path loss from receiving signal Initial power setting, or when no feedback channel is exist Fast Close-Loop Power Control Feedback loop with 1.5kHz cycle to adjust uplink / downlink power to its minimum Even faster than the speed of Rayleigh fading for moderate mobile speeds
Outer Loop Power Control Adjust the target SIR setpoint in base station according to the target BER Commanded by RNC

Fast Power Control If SIR < SIRTARGET, send power up command to MS

21

Connection Based Function- Handover

Only UTRA FDD mode supports soft and softer handovers. Hard Hard Handover and inter-system handovers are supported in both TDD and FDD Soft Handover mode. Softer Handover For UMTS the following types of handover are specified: 1.Handover 3G -3G (i.e. between UMTS and other 3G systems) 2.FDD soft/softer handover 3.FDD inter-frequency hard handover 4.FDD/TDD handover (change of cell) 5.TDD/FDD handover (change of cell) 6.TDD/TDD handover 7.Handover 3G - 2G (e.g. handover to GSM) 8.Handover 2G - 3G (e.g. handover from GSM) Active Set

Monitored Set ( Neighbor Set ) Cells, which are not included in the active set, but are included in the CELL_INFO_LIST Detected Set Reporting of measurements of the detected set is only applicable to intrafrequency measurements made by UEs in CELL_DCH state
Source - Study of soft handover in UMTS Stijn N. P. Van Cauwenberge 22

Further reading: 3GPP 25.331

Example of a Soft Handover Algorithm

1.-AS_Th: Threshold for macro diversity (reporting range);

2.- AS_Th_Hyst: Hysteresis for the above threshold; 3.- AS_Rep_Hyst: Replacement Hysteresis;

4.- T: Time to Trigger;

5.- AS_Max_Size: Maximum size of Active Set
Source - 3G TR 25.922 version 2.0.0 23

PS/CS Connections in 3G Network

PSTN/ISDN
OAM
SNMP UTRAN UCN

Internet/Intranet/ISP

3G-SGSN 3G MSC 3G-GGSN IP ATM HLR+ Iu Iu IP ATM DNS & DHCP

Core Network
Circuit & Packet

IP firewall

Radio Access Network

RNC Iub Iub Node B Node B Iub Node B Iur RNC

24

Downlink code usage

Scrambling Codes 8192 512- Primary Code 8192/16=512 .Secondary Codes 15

- .Channelization Codes Spreading Factor 256 . SF=4-
25

UE Synchronization
1.Slot synchronization

-Scrambling code identification Primary 512 " 64- scrambling codes . 8

UE. Frame synchronization S-SCH . UE 64-

Three UE Synch Stages 1.Slot synchronization 2.Frame synchronization 3.Scrambling code identification

26

UTRAN Synchronization
Different UTRAN synchronization required in a 3G network: Network synchronization

Node synchronization

Synchronization Issues Model

Transport channel synchronization Radio interface synchronization Time alignment handling

27

Mapping of UE state to 3GPP Specifications

3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Radio Resource Management Strategies

(3G TR 25.922 version 2.0.0)

28

Overview of WCDMA Call Setup

UE modes and RRC states
In both the Cell PCH and the URA PCH state No uplink activity is possible . The only difference between both states is that in the Cell PCH state the location is known on cell level according to the last cell update made while in the URA PCH state the location is known only to UTRAN Registration Area (URA8) level according to the last URA update made in the Cell FACH state.

MT Call

MO Call RRC Connection Establishment Radio Access Bearer Establishment User Plane Data Flow

Paging

29

RRC connection Phase

Phase:

Setup Setup complete

Access Access Complete Access

Active Active Complete Active Release Active Failures Access Failures Success

Attempts

RRC Drop

Setup Failures, Blocking

30

Initial connection to network

31

Basic Mobile Originating Call Diagram

Further reading: 3GPP TS 25.303, 25.331 http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/moc.htm

32

RRC connection establishment (DCH)

UE
1. RRC CONNECTION REQUEST

Phase - 1

Node B

RNC
RRC
2. Admission Control 3. RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST

RRC

C-NBAP
4. Start RX 5. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE

C-NBAP C-NBAP
6. ESTABLISH REQUEST 7. ESTABLISH CONFIRM 8. UPLINK & DOWNLINK SYNC

C-NBAP
Access Link Control Application Part
AAL2 signalling protocol

ALCAP
ALCAP

ALCAP
ALCAP FP

FP Frame Protocol

FP
9. Start TX

10. RRC CONNECTION SETUP

RRC
11. L1 SYNCH

RRC D-NBAP
12. RL RESTORE INDICATION

D-NBAP
RRC
33

RRC

13. RRC CONNECTION SETUP COMPLETE

Phase - 2

34

Phase - 3

ISDN User Part is part of the SS7

35

Phase - 4

36

Phase - 5

37


38

WCDMA Air Interface

Broadcast Channel (BCH) Forward Access Channel (FACH) Paging Channel (PCH) Random Access Channel (RACH) Dedicated Channel (DCH)

UE

UTRAN

CN

Mapping of Transport Channels and Physical Channels

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)

Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) Common Packet Channel (CPCH)

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) Synchronization Channel (SCH)

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)

Highly Differentiated Types of Channels enable best combination of Interference Reduction, QoS and Energy Efficiency,

Paging Indication Channel (PICH) CPCH Status Indication Channel (CSICH) Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel (CD/CA-ICH)

39

WCDMA Air Interface

Random Access, No Scheduling Low Setup Time

UE

UTRAN

CN

Common Channels - RACH (uplink) and FACH (downlink)

No Feedback Channel, No Fast Power Control, Use Fixed Transmission Power Poor Link-level Performance and Higher Interference Suitable for Short, Discontinuous Packet Data
FACH RACH 1
P 3

2 3

P 1

Common Channel - CPCH (uplink)

Extension for RACH Reservation across Multiple Frames Can Utilize Fast Power Control, Higher Bit Rate Suitable for Short to Medium Sized Packet Data
CPCH
P 1 P 2

2 40

WCDMA Air Interface

Dedicated Channel - DCH (uplink & downlink)
Dedicated, Requires Long Channel Setup Procedure Utilizes Fast Power Control Better Link Performance and Smaller Interference Suitable for Large and Continuous Blocks of Data, up to 2Mbps Variable Bitrate in a Frame-by-Frame Basis
DCH (User 1) DCH (User 2)

UE

UTRAN

CN

Shared Channel - DSCH (downlink)

Time Division Multiplexed, Fast Allocation Utilizes Fast Power Control Better Link Performance and Smaller Interference Suitable for Large and Bursty Data, up to 2Mbps Variable Bitrate in a Frame-by-Frame Basis
DSCH 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 41

WCDMA Air Interface

Summary

UE

UTRAN

CN

5 MHz Bandwidth -> High Capacity, Multipath Diversity

Variable Spreading Factor -> Bandwidth on Demand

FACH

RACH

P 3

P 1

CPCH

P 1

P 2

DCH (User 1) DCH (User 2)

DSCH

2 42

UTRAN
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, Overview

UE

UTRAN

CN

Two Distinct Elements :

Base Stations (Node B) Radio Network Controllers (RNC)

1 RNC and 1+ Node Bs are group together to form a Radio Network Sub-system (RNS)

Node B RNC Node B

RNS Iub Iur

Handles all Radio-Related Functionality

Soft Handover Radio Resources Management Algorithms

Maximization of the commonalities of the PS and CS data handling

Node B RNC Node B

RNS

UTRAN
43

UTRAN
Logical Roles of the RNC
Controlling RNC (CRNC)
Responsible for the load and congestion control of its own cells

UE

UTRAN

CN

Node B Node B

CRNC

RNC

Serving RNC (SRNC) Terminates : Iu link of user data, Radio Resource Control Signalling
UE

Node B SRNC Node B Node B DRNC Node B

Iu Iur
Iu

Performs : L2 processing of data to/from the radio interface, RRM operations (Handover, Outer Loop Power Control) Drift RNC (DRNC)
Performs : Macrodiversity Combining and splitting
UE

Node B SRNC Node B Node B DRNC Node B

Iu Iur Iu

44

Core Network
Core Network, Release 99

UE

UTRAN

CN

CS Domain :

Iu-cs

MSC/ VLR

GMSC
External Networks
45

Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

Switching CS transactions

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Holds a copy of the visiting users service profile, and the precise info of the UEs location The switch that connects to external networks

HLR

Gateway MSC (GMSC)

Iu-ps

SGSN

GGSN

PS Domain :

Register :

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

Home Location Register (HLR)

Similar function as MSC/VLR

Similar function as GMSC

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

Stores master copies of users service profiles Stores UE location on the level of MSC/VLR/SGSN

Core Network
Core Network, R5

UE

UTRAN

CN

1st Phase of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

Services & Applications

HSS

Enable standardized approach for IP based service provision Media Resource Function (MRF) Iu-cs Call Session Control Function (CSCF) Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF)
Iu-ps

Iu-cs

MSC MSG SGSN MRF

GMSC MGW GGSN CSCF

Services & Applications

External Networks

CS Domain :

MSC and GMSC

MSG

Control Function, can control multiple MGW, hence scalable Replaces MSC for the actual switching and routing

MGCF

IMS Function
IP Multimedia Subsystem

PS Domain :

Very similar to R99 with some enhancements

46

Example -QoS Requirement for Web Browsing

Log on Session begins A User Data Session
User Thinking Time

Data Transaction inter-arrival time

Log out Session Ends

Data Transactions
Inactivity timer period Inactivity timer period Dormant mode
2nd Packet Call

Packet Data Calls

1st Packet Call

Nth Packet Call

Call Setup

Inactivity timer Call Setup Inactivity timer Call Setup expired,call tear expired,call tear down, resources down, resources released released

User tears down the call

Downlink Uplink

Downlink

Downlink

Uplink

Downlink

Packets

Packet interarrival time

47

UMTS Bearer Services

UMTS
TE MT UTRAN CN Iu EDGE NODE CN Gateway TE

End-to-End Service

TE/MT Local Bearer Service

UMTS Bearer Service

External Bearer Service

Radio Access Bearer Service

CN Bearer Service

Radio Bearer Service UTRA FDD/TDD Service

Iu Bearer Service

Backbone Network Service

Physical Bearer Service

48

IP Multimedia Subsystem

The IMS provides the control of applications, control of sessions, and media conversion.

session control services including subscription, registration, routing and roaming combination of several different media bearer per session central service based charging quality of service support Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC), Presence and Instant Messaging Voice and Video over IP.
49

New applications

UTRAN
Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces
Radio Network Layer Control Plane Application Protocol User Plane Data Stream(s)

UE

UTRAN

CN

Transport Network Layer

Transport Network User Plane

Transport Network Control Plane

Transport Network User Plane

Derivatives : Iur1, Iur2, Iur3, Iur4

ALCAP(s) Signaling Bearer(s) Signaling Bearer(s) Data Bearer(s)

Iub
Iu CS Iu PS

Physical Layer

Uu

Functions of Node B (Base Station)-Physical layer generator

Air Interface L1 Processing (Channel Coding, Interleaving, Rate Adaptation, Spreading, etc.)
Basic RRM, e.g. Inner Loop Power Control
50

References

[3] 3GPP TS 23.009 version 5.0.0, Handover Procedures, December 2001. [4] 3GPP TS 22.129 version 5.1.0, Service aspects; Handover Requirements between UTRAN and GERAN or other Radio Systems, December 2001. Carl Andren A Comparison Of Frequency Hopping And Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Modulation, A Comparison For IEEE 802.11 Applications [2] 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Technical Specification Group RAN,Working Group 4 (TSG RAN WG4), UE Radio transmission and reception (FDD), 3G TS 25.103, V2.0.0, September 1999 [6] http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/UMTSChannels.htm [10] http://www.iec.org/ IEC online tutorials, UMTS [11] Riku Jntti Lecture material WCDMA course, University of Vaasa, Finland,spring 2003. http://www.uwasa.fi/~riku/opetus/wcdma.htm [ [15] 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Technical Specification Group RAN, Working Group 2 (TSG RAN WG2), Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification, 3G TR 25.331, V3.14.0, Release 99, March 2003 [16] http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/RCC_states.htm

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