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Source:IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine ,2009/8 Authors:Hongfei Du, Jiangchuan Liu, Jie Liang
Reporter: M9856020 M9856023 M9856026 M9856029 M9856031 M9856034
Outline
ABSTRACT Introduction Background MAC and QoS Scheduling in WiMAX Connection-Oriented Multi-State Optimization Performance Analysis Conclusion
ABSTRACT
This article systematically examines the design issues and the state of the art of multimedia downlink scheduling in the multicast/broadcast-based WiMAX system. We propose a viable end-to-end framework, connection-oriented multistate adaptation, by considering cross-layer adaptations in source coding, queue prioritization, flow queuing, and scheduling.
Introduction
WiMAX lie in its cost-competitive deployment and comprehensive quality of service support for large numbers of heterogeneous mobile devices with highdata rate wireless access. Digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB) have offered the network operator a platform to deliver multimedia services to a mass market. 4
Introduction
A novel concept of connection-oriented service flow, supporting QoS for both uplink and downlink on a per service flow basis.
A viable end-to-end cross-layer framework, connection-oriented multistate adaptation(CMA), which adopts the serviceoriented design on per-service-flow connections carrying multisession MBS.
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Background-Overview
Background-Overview
The 802.16e radio interface adopts orthogonal frequency-division multiple access(OFDMA).
WiMAX system in point-to-multipoint (PMP) mode, where the QoS is mainly enforced by the MAC and APP layers.
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The MAC include three sublayers. There are Convergence sublayer Common part sublayer Security sublayer WiMAX support two types of scheduling in MAC 1.Downlink scheduling 2.Uplink request/grant scheduling
Uplink request/grant scheduling was denoted the process that CS recieve a service request from SS and deliver the packets to CS. In the uplink channel it will build a scheduling for service classify when the connection was linked. The incoming Packet classified in different service classes when the packet pass through Convergence Sublayer (CS), and service data unit(SDUs) are assigned to appropriate connection in Common part sublayer (CPS).
Security sublayer
Provide security functions, such as secure key exchange and encryption on the receive PDUs
Real-time polling service (rtPS): It supports variable bit rate (VBR) traffic via minimum reserved and maximum sustained traffic rates, and requires tolerable stringent latency constraints. Such as MPEG audio/video streaming and video conferencing.
Non-real-time polling service (nrtPS): Delay-tolerant streams with variable-sized packets, for which only minimum reserved and maximum sustained traffic rates are required. Such as FTP. Best effort (BE) service: BE services" are handled on a space available basis and do not require tight latency/ jitter constraints, with upper limited bandwidth consumption via maximum sustained traffic rate. Such as HTTP and email.
The main drawbacks of this scheduler are mainly its inherent unfairness and coverage limitations. This scheduler essentially ranks all the users according to their instantaneous carrier-to-interference (C/I) ratios. This scheduler is optimal in obtaining the maximum network throughput
Optimization Criteria
It considers multiple dynamic queuing metrics in terms of queuing delay, buffer occupancy, and overflow probability.
It reflects the overall reception condition for each session based on the reception conditions for all subscriber stations (SSs) within the MC/BC group.
Problem Formulation
Queuing State
Queuing delay factor (FQD)
Buffer occupancy factor (FBO) Overflow probability factor (FOP)
Effective Reception
The SS performs the following two important tasks: 1. Monitors the CSI in terms of received SINR continuously, and sends this information to the BS 2. Measures the instantaneous E2E performance in terms of delay, PLR, and throughput
The instantaneous E2E performance is then compared with QoS constraints, and the following measures are determined:
Packet Classification
in MC/BC-based WiMAX, the packets received by the BS and destined to the downlink are sorted by the packet classification before being buffered into one of the per class queues in the BS. Video streams are encoded via an H.264/SVC encoder before transmission together with other download services.
CMA
Multiple connections/queues are then subject to scheduling functions based on the serving orders derived from the CMA module. The CMA considers multiple important metrics.
SVC
With SVC, a MBS video stream is split into a base layer (BL) and multiple enhancement layers (ELs) that refine the video quality. All MC/BC connections to be originated from a single BS with no connection sharing or handoff events.
H.264/SVC
Temporal Scalability
H.264/SVC
Spatial Scalability
H.264/SVC
SNR Scalability
Adjustment
We assume the BL is successfully obtained by all users by applying robust modulation and coding or FEC/automatic repeat request (ARQ). We associate different Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)payload types to the BL and the ELs.
Suggestion
Performing BL/EL rate control based on the QoS satisfaction of each SS, rather than unified treatment on all SSs. The SSs with undersatisfied QoS will be assigned more important streams.
Performance Analysis
Simulation consists of two parts
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC JM reference software System-level simulation model in NS-2
An indicative simulation scenario is set to a total of 20 SSs located randomly within 5 5 km2, with the BS located at the center of the area.
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Performance Analysis
CID-SFID mapping settings to CID 1-SFID 1:e.g., MPEG video BL video stream at 360 kb/s, in VBR rtPS with 1.08 Mb/s sum stream rate CID 2-SFID 1: e.g., MPEG video EL video stream at 720 kb/s, in VBR rtPS with 1.08 Mb/s sum stream rate CID 3-SFID 2: e.g., FTP CBR nrtPS services at 360 kb/s CID 4-SFID 3: e.g., e-mail CBR BE services at 360 kb/s
Performance Analysis
Four schemes and CMA scheme
Weighted Round Robin(WRR): proportion, weight Weighted Fair Queue(WFQ): regulating, weight Earliest Deadline First (EDF): deadline, packet Max C/I: upper bound of system capacity
Performance Analysis
The 95th percentile CDF of E2E delay for rtPS services under different downlink scheduling schemes
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Performance Analysis
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Conclusion
The framework performs simultaneous adaptations across protocol stacks on source coding, queue prioritization, flow queuing, and scheduling. The heterogeneity in wireless link variations, queue fluctuations, and reception diversities are incorporated. Simulation studies on the proposed framework showed improved performance on delay, throughput, and fairness. 51