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Introduction
Neutron Interactions With Matter Slowing Down & Capture Neutron Detection The CNL Compensated Neutron Tool Output Channels LQC Hints Examples
Introduction
Neutron logging responds primarily to the amount of hydrogen in the formation. Hydrogen is contained in water, oil and gas and can be used to estimate porosity. It was introduced commercially in 1941 by Well Surveys Inc. (eventually absorbed by Lane-Wells). It can be recorded in open and cased holes, in any type of liquid, and combined with virtually any other log.
Life of a Neutron
A high energy Neutron is emitted from a source. The neutron undergoes many collisions, losing energy mainly through inelastic and elastic scattering. Once it reaches equilibrium (thermal energy level) the neutron continues to make elastic collisions with nuclei, this is called the thermal diffusion phase. Eventually the neutron will suffer a collision in which it is absorbed (captured) with the emission of a gamma ray, characteristic of the nucleus involved. It then disappears from the neutron population.
Life of a Neutron
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Neutron energy is reduced rapidly, through collisions, to about 0.025 eV (at room temperature).
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Capture
Time (S)
Neutron Porosity Logging
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Elastic Collisions
During an elastic head-on collision between two particles, there is maximum transfer of energy when both particles have the same mass. Before Collision B is lighter than R
B is heavier than R
Neutron Porosity Logging
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Elastic Collisions
During an elastic head-on collision between two particles, there is maximum transfer of energy when both particles have the same mass. Before Collision After Collision
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Elastic Collisions
During an elastic head-on collision between two particles, there is maximum transfer of energy when both particles have the same mass. Before Collision After Collision
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Elastic Collisions
During an elastic head-on collision between two particles, there is maximum transfer of energy when both particles have the same mass. Before Collision After Collision B stops R moves forward
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Elastic Scattering
Since the neutron has the same mass as a proton, it will lose the most energy when it collides with hydrogen atoms, which have essentially the same mass as a proton. Hydrogen contributes most to neutron slowing down. Once neutrons have been slowed down to thermal level through collisions with hydrogen and other atoms, they move randomly away from the source and are eventually captured and disappear from the neutron population.
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Hydrogen Index
The number of neutrons present at a given distance from the neutron source is inversely related to how efficient the formation is at slowing them down. Since Hydrogen has the most slowing-down power, this slowing-down length is measured in terms of Hydrogen Index (HI) of the formation. The Hydrogen Index of fresh water is defined as 1.
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Atomic Number ( Z ) 1 6 8 11 13 14 17 20 26
Number of Collisions 18 115 150 215 250 261 329 371 514
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Formation
Neutron Detector
Neutron Source
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Neutron Sources
Two types of neutron sources are used in the well logging industry: Chemical Sources Electronic Sources
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Electronic (Minitron)
Complex design Can be pulsed (turned on and off) High neutron output (eight times more) High energy (14 MeV)
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Ratio of count rates at the near and far detectors is converted to hydrogen index.
Neutron Porosity Logging
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TNPH
NPOR
HTNP
HNPO
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MWCO Mud weight correction option Pressure and temperature correction option Casing and cement thickness correction option
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Master
Field
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Chart Por-14c
Neutron Porosity Logging
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Chart Por-14c
Neutron Porosity Logging
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Chart Por-14c
Neutron Porosity Logging
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Chart Por-14c
Neutron Porosity Logging
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Chart Por-14c
Neutron Porosity Logging
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Chart Por-14c
Neutron Porosity Logging
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Chart Por-14d
Neutron Porosity Logging
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Chart Por-4a
Neutron Porosity Logging
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20 p.u.
Chart Por-13b
Neutron Porosity Logging
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25 p.u.
Chart Por-13b
Neutron Porosity Logging
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Gas/Oil Contact
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Neutron Response
6 0 CALI GR 16 150 1.95 45 RHOB TNPH 2.95 -15
Shale
Halite
Borehole Washout
20 p.u. Limestone (gas) 20 p.u. Limestone (oil) 20 p.u. Limestone (water) 20 p.u. Dolomite (water) 20 p.u. Sandstone (water) 20 p.u. Limestone (water) 10 p.u. Limestone (water)
Neutron Porosity Logging
Pore Fluid
Lithology
Porosity
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