Transformer Protections

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Presentation outline Need of transformer Types of Transformers

Transformers Accessories

Major Transformers in Power Plants

Protection of transformers

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TRANSFORMERS

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WHY TRANSFORMER
TO OPTIMISE COST OF BULK TRANSMISSION OF POWER FROM GENERATORS TO CONSUMERS REDUCTION IN TRANSMISSION LOSS

TO REDUCE OR INCREASE VOLTAGE IN AC SYSTEM

ENABLES SAFE SUPPLY VOLTAGE TO CONSUMERS ISOLATION OF TWO SYSTEMS FOR VOLTAGE REGULATION
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Definition of Transformer as per Stds

IEC 60076-1 A static piece of apparatus with two or more windings which, by electromagnetic induction, transforms a system of alternating voltage and current into another system of voltage and current usually of different values and at the same frequency for the purpose of transmitting electrical power. IEEE C57.12.80-2002 A static device consisting of a winding, or two or more coupled windings with or without a magnetic core for introducing mutual coupling between electrical circuits.
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What are the Types of Transformers

Power transformers : Used in transmission network of higher voltages, deployed for step-up and step down transformer application (400 kV, 200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV,22kV)
Distribution transformers: Used for lower voltage distribution networks as a means to end user connectivity. (11kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440V, 230V)
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Classifications
Transformers are adapted to numerous engineering applications and may be classified in many ways: By power level: (from fraction of a volt-ampere(VA) to over a thousand MVA), By application: (power supply, impedance matching, circuit isolation), By frequency range: (power, audio, radio frequency(RF)) By voltage class: (a few volts to about 765 kilovolts)
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Classifications
By cooling type: (air cooled, oil filled, fan cooled, water cooled (Natural/ Forced) etc.) By purpose: (distribution, rectifier, arc furnace, amplifier output, etc.). By ratio of the number of turns in the coils Step-up The secondary has more turns than the primary. Step-down The secondary has fewer turns than the primary. Connection : Single phase, Star / star, Star delta etc

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Basic Components of a Transformer

Current

conductors Primary & Secondary Windings Magnetic flux conductor Laminated Steel Core Insulation Cooling Protection Supporting accessories
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Accessories & Auxiliaries

Tap Changer(s)-(On load/Off load) Tank Radiators cooling fans, oil pumps, oil to water heat exchangers (Cooling ONAN / ONAF/ OFAF/ OFWF external coolers) Bushings
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Protection
Objective: To quickly isolate a faulty section from both ends so that the rest of the system can function satisfactorily. THE FUNCTIONAL REQUIRMENTS OF THE RELAY: 1. Reliability : 2. Selectivity: 3. Sensitivity: 4. Speed:

ELECRICAL FAULT

OPEN CIRCUIT FAULT SHORT CIRCUIT FAULT THROUGH FAULT INTERNAL FAULT INCIPIENT FAULT
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Important Elements: Switch gear:

Circuit breaker bulk oil, minimum oil, SF6 ,air blast , vacuum etc. depending on medium used for quenching the arc. Different operating mechanism such as solenoid, spring, pneumatic, hydraulics etc. are employed.
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Protection Gear:
Relays(current , voltage, impedance, power , frequency etc. based on operating parameter, definite time , stepped etc. as per operating characteristic , logic wise such as differential , over fluxing etc.

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Station Battery
Station Battery containing a number of cells accumulate energy during the period of availability of A.C supply and discharge at the time when relays operate so that relevant circuit breaker is tripped
:A

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NORMS OF PROTECTION FOR EHV CLASS POWER TRANSFORMER

POWER STATION
Voltage ratio & capacity
11/132 KV GT

HV side
3-non-dir O/L + 1-non-dir E/L Relay and/or standby E/F + REF 3-non-dir O/L + 1-non-dir E/L relay and/or standby E/F + REF

LV side

Common relays

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Differential or overall differential, overflux, buchholz, OLTC buchholz, PRV ,OT , WT

13.8/220 KV 15.75/220 KV 18/400 KV 21/400 KV Generator T/Fs 220/6.6 KV Station T/Fs

3-non-dir O/L + 1-non-dir E/L relay and/or standby E/F + REF

3-non-dir. O/L relays

Differential, overall buchholz, OLTC Buchholz, PRV, OT, WT

Gen-volt/6.6KV UAT

3-non-dir O/L relays

3-non-dir O/L relays

Differential, overall buchholz, OLTC Buchholz, PRV, OT, WT

SUBSTATION
132/33/11 KV upto 8 MVA 3 O/L relays + 1E/L relay 2 O/L relays + 1 E/L relay Buchholz, OLTC Buchholz, OT, WT

132/33/11KV above 8 MVA and below 31.5 MVA 132/33 KV, 31.5 MVA & above

3 O/L relays + 1 dir. E/L relay

3 O/L relays + 1 E/L relay

Differential , Buchholz, OLTC Buchholz, OT, WT

3 O/L relays + 1 dir.E/L relay

3 O/L relays + 1 E/L relay

Differential , Buchholz, OLTC Buchholz, PRV, OT, WT Differential , Buchholz, OLTC Buchholz, PRV, OT, WT Differential , overflux, Buchholz, OLTC Buchholz, OT, WT and overload (alarm) relay

220/33 KV, 31.5MVA & 50MVA 220/132KV , 100MVA 400/220KV 315MVA

3 O/L relay + 1 dir. E/L relay

3 O/L relays + 1 E/L relay

3 directional O/L relays (with dir.. Highest) + 1 dir. E/L relays. Restricted E/F relay + 3 dir. O/L relays for action.

3 directional O/L relays (with dir.. Highest) + 1 dir. E/L relays. Restricted E/F relay

The following relays are employed to protect the transformer against internal faults. i. Buchholz Relays
ii.Differential Relays

iii.REF relays.
iv.Over fluxing relays

Buchholz Relay

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Buchholtz relay

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BUCHHOLZ PROTECTION
Alarm element Operates When a specified volume of gas gets collected in Chamber during Broken down core bolt insulation Shorted Laminations Bad Contacts Overheating of winding parts Trip element Operates by Oil surge in the event of serious fault Short Circuit between Winding Phases or within Windings Puncture of Bushing
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 Transformer connections : - Delta/Starused in Generating stations for Step-up . - Star/Deltaused in Receiving stations for Step-down * All GTs are Delta/Star connected. All Tie T/Fs are Star/Star connected.
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STAR

/ STAR connection

STAR

/ DELTA connection

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The relay is operative only for the internal faults of the transformer and thus fast operating time can be achieved.

OTHER PROTECTIVE DEVICE

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE WINDING TEMPERATURE OIL TEMPRETURE OLTC BUCHHOLZ LIGHTNINIG ARRESTER FIRE PROTECTION
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Accessories & AuxiliariesAccessories &

Auxiliaries

Oil Level Indicators Marshalling Box/Control cubicle Oil Preservation Systems: Conservators gas sealed, Bellows Breathers
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SILICA GEL BREATHER

conservator

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Winding / Oil Temperature Indicator

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Pressure Relief Device( PRD)

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Different transformers in a power Plant

Generator Transformer (GT) Station Transformer (ST) Unit Auxiliary Transformer (UAT) Excitation Transformer Neutral Grounding Transformer Auxiliary transformers Tie / Auto transformer

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SPECIFICATION
STAGE -1 GT-Vindhyachal RATED O/P 250MVA RATED VOLT. (HV) 420KV RATED VOLT. (LV) 15.75KV RATED CURRENT(HV) 344A RATED CURRENT(LV) 9175A VECTOR GROUP Ynd11

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GT (3X200 MVA) GENERATOR Unit Tx 21/11 K.V. (50 MVA)

7UA

7UB

SB SA IN THE EVENT OF UNIT TRIPPING AUTO CHANGEOVER FROM UT TO STATION WILL TAKE PLACE 27 December 2013 PMI Revision 00

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TESTING OF TRANSFORMER
THE FOLLOWING TESTS ARE GENERALLY PERFORMED ON THE TRANSFORMER REFERENCE STANDARD : IEC 60076 ROUTINE TESTS MEASUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE RATIO, POLARITY AND CHECK OF VOLTAGE VECTOR RELATIONSHIP MEASUREMENT OF NO-LOAD LOSS AND EXCITATION CURRENT MEASUREMENT OF INSULATION RESISTANCE SWITCHING IMPULSE VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST LIGHTNING IMPULSE VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST
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ON LINE MONITORING EQUIPMENT ON TRANSFORMER

1. DGA to be monitored on all transformers periodically. 2. Probable Reason of gas 3. Arcing Corona Over Heating Partial Discharge 4. Advance warning of developing faults 5. Determining the improper use of units 6. Status checks on new and repaired units 7. Convenient scheduling of repairs 8. Monitoring of units under overload
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GASES IN DGA
1. Corona a. In Oil H2 b. In Cellulose H2 , CO , CO2

Oil Low temperature CH4 , C2H6 Oil High temperature C2H4 , H2 ( CH4 , C2H6 Cellulose Low temperature CO2 ( CO ) temperature CO ( CO2 ) In Arcing H2, C2H2 (CH4, C2H6, C2H4)
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7. ON LINE MONITORING EQUIPMENT ON TRANSFORMER Contd. 3. Acoustic PD measurement. In case DGA results indicate the presence of high discharges Acoustic PD measurement is done. Acoustic PD detector consists of sensor which can sense sound vibrations produced due to occurrence of discharges in oil. The sensor has pre-amplifier and filter circuit to eliminate environmental noise 4 Infrared thermography With the help of infrared thermo-vision camera, the thermo-image of transformer is prepared This scanning helps in detecting overheated zones, loose & corroded connection.

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OFF LINE MONITORING

1. Frequency Response Analysis

Short circuit forces could move the winding.

Can also change winding inductance and capacitance. Conventional tests are not sensitive to winding movement
Such changes can be effectively detected by FRA .
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THANK YOU

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