Temperature sensors

Team Members Imtisal-e-Noor Arooj Fatima Taibah Jaffery Farhan Yaqoob Ayaz Naveed

temperature
Temperature Energy level of matter Evidenced by some physical change in matter Temperature sensor Measure temperature by some change in physical characteristic. Critical parameter for several processes and operations

Type of temperature sensors

Two basic types of temperature sensors

Contact type: Non-contact type:

Measure their own temperature. Makes use of conduction se convection and radiation to monitor changes in temperature

Contact Type Temperature )ensors

Thermocouple !esistive temperature devices" !T#s and thermistors$ %imetallic devices &i'uid e(pansion devices Molecular change of state sensor )ilicon diode temperature sensor

Non-contact Type Temperature )ensor

*nfrared temperature sensor

Thermocouple

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

into electrical energy.

Converts thermal energy

%ased on the difference in the conductivities of the two wire metals that the thermocouple is made of+ at a given temperature. This conductivity difference increases at higher temperatures and conversely+ the conductivity difference decreases at lower temperatures. )everal types based on the combination of metals used

Advantage:
)elf powered )imple *ne(pensive ,ide temperature range

isadvantages:
Cold -unction compensation &east sensitive &east stable E(tension leads re'uired

.arying parameter .oltage 5rder /st order 0dy1dt 2 y 3 k4"t$ !ange -678 to /798 C !esponse time 6-9 sec :pplication )teel industry Thermoelectric cooling )afety

!esistive temperature devices

,orking
Change in resistance with change in temperature Two types ; !T# < thermistor !T# relies on resistance changes in a metal Thermistor is made up of a ceramic semi-conductor NTC and =TC

WORKING PRINCIPLE: converts thermal energy to resistance

Advantage:
)table output for long period of time Ease of recalibration :ccurate readings

isadvantages:
)elf-heating &ow sensitivity >igher initial cost than thermocouples &ess rugged in high vibration environments.

 Te(tile industries Chemical industries 4ood industries

:pplication

!T#: 6-9 sec Thermistor: /-6 sec

!esponse time

!ange

!T#:-688 to 988 C Thermistor:-@8 to 6A8 C !T# - linear Thermistor - &inear over a short range ?rd order beyond this range- )teinhart->art E'uation
5rder

.arying parameter

!esistance

%imetallic devices
,orking
Made of two pieces of metal are put together or glued together into one. Every metal has : different coefficient of e(pansion+ if the two pieces of metal that has united the different e(pansion coefficients of the second -oint of the metal will bend when heated.

WORKING PRINCIPLE: converts temperature scale into motion.

Advantages:
*ne(pensive =ortable )imple construction without leads No power supply re'uired

isadvantages:
&imited accuracy and sensitivity .alues cannot be easily recorded Easily de-calibrated due to mechanical shock

.arying parameter
E(pansion

5rder
&inear
:pplication
Mechanical clock Thermostats >eat engine Circuit breaker Electric *ron

!esponse time
4ast

!ange
-/8 to //8 C

)ilicon diode temperature sensor

,orking
*f two identical transistors are operated at different but constant collector current densities+ then the difference in their base-emitter voltages is proportional to the absolute temperature of the transistors. This voltage difference is then converted to a single ended voltage or a current. :n offset may be applied to convert the signal from absolute temperature to Celsius or 4ahrenheit.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:smiconductor diodes have temperature-sensitive voltage vs. current characteristics

Advantages:
Cryogenic temperature sensor Easy to interface with other electronics for display and control :ccurate *ne(pensive

ra!ba"#s:
&imited temperature range "-@8 to 2/68BC typical$ )ome devices are inclined to oscillate unless precautions are taken

!ange
-99 to /98 C

Thermometers
,orking
Elements and compounds e(pand as their temperature increases. &i'uids or solids that e(pand at a constant rate over the desired temperature range are used so that the amount they have e(panded can be measured and compared against known e(pansion rates to determine the temperature

WORKING PRINCIPLE: li'uid e(pands as it get warmer

:dvantages
Cheap #urable Easily calibrated

#isadvantages
#isplay is harder to read )low response 4ragile Cant be used for thermograph #oes not work below freeCing point

.arying parameter 5rder !ange !esponse time :pplication

e(pansion &inear -688 to 6A C moderate Climate control :ir crafts

Change of state sensors

%asically these sensors measure the change in state of a material due to a variation in temperature. These are non electric devices and serve a uni'ue purpose. Commercially available devices of this type are in the form of labels+ pellets+ crayons+ or lac'uers. Change-of-state labels indicate temperature in B4 and BC.

WORKING PRINCIPLE: )tate of material changes due to change in temperature.

Advantages:
,hen re'uirement is a non-reversing indication they are 'uite useful : small+ rugged+ indicator that continuously updates temperature )implest devices employed for fast measurement of temperature. :vailable in variety of shapes+ siCes and forms. Comparatively cheaper than other temperature sensors. Measure a wide range of temperature.

ra!ba"#s:
!esponse time is comparatively slow Not as accurate as some other types Most of these devices are meant for one time use only

:pplication
Chemical %iological sensing

!esponse time
slow

5rder
Moderately linear

.arying parameter
)tate change

*nfrared sensors
Every form of matter with a temperature above absolute Cero emits infrared radiation. The cause of this is the internal mechanical movement of molecules. The intensity of this movement depends on the temperature of the ob-ect.

WORKING PRINCIPLE: at specific temperature +certain intensity of infrared radiations emits

:dvantages:
Duick response .ersatility =ortability Non-invasiveness.

#isadvantages:
#ifficult to determine infrared detection area where accuracy is needed Can only record surface temperatures *nability to measure very minute targets.

 *nfrared intensity
.arying parameter

=lanckEs &aw E(ponential

5rder

-98 to ?888 C
!ange

4ast

!esponse time

%rewing Meteorolog y Climatology

:pplication

Comparison 5f %asic Temperature Types

Comparison 5f %asic Temperature Types

Conclusion
The sensors we have discussed above all have their own uni'ue features. the decision of which one to use will be based upon the re'uirement )ince most sensor choices overlap in temperature range and accuracy+ selection of the sensor will depend on how it will be integrated into a system.