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Abiotic components in an ecosystem include the physical factors such as the pH level, temperature, light intensity, humidity, topography, microclimate
pH
Most organism live in natural and nearly neutral environmental (pH6 pH7.5) Some plants, like maize, grows well in an acidic condition while coconuts grow well in alkaline condition.
Temperature
Effect on biochemical reaction in the organism Organism can live within certain range of temperature (0C-45C). Drop in temperature decrease metabolic activities. Higher temperature- denaturation of enzyme. Thermophilic bacteria- live under extreme temperature
Light Intensity
Effect the rate of photosynthesis The distribution of green plants will be more extensive in the area with higher light intensity
Humidity
Amount of water vapour present in the air. Organism that can control the rate of water loss have and extensive distribution. Organism such as frogs, snails, earthworm and moss cannot control the rate of water loss and more suited to live in damp places. Low humidity- water evaporates from moist surface. Usually higher at night.
Topography
Physical features of the land Altitude- There are less ogrganism at high altitude because the temperature, humidity and air pressure are low. Gradient/Slope- rapid drainage and runoff. Soil layer is thinner and drier. Aspect- slope mountain facing direction of wind receive more rain
Microclimate
Microclimate refers to the climate of specific region in an habitat Microclimate includes light intensity, amount of rainfall, temperature changes and humidity of a microhabitat.
Decomposers are the bacteria and fungi that break down dead plants and dead animals into simple substances. A feeding relationship exists between the biotic components to form a food chain Through the food chain, organisms obtain energy. Each level in a food chain is referred to as trophic level
Food chain
Sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred. Start with producer >>>>> end with consumer
Example :
4 Consumer
nd
th
2 Consumer
1 2
3
Producer
Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer
In an ecosystem, several food chains interact to form a network called a food web.
In a food chain, energy is transferred from one trophic level to another trophic level. 90% of the chemical energy in the food consumed is used for its metabolic activities and lost as heat, excretory products and undigested matter.
only 10% of the energy in an organism is passed on to organism at the next trophic level.
Identify the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer and decomposer in a food web
Caterpillar
Frog
Mice
Fungi
Snake
Dead
Symbiosis
INTERACTION
Saprophytism
Prey-Predator
COMMENSALISM
Commensalism
Commensalism is an interaction between two different organism where only one organism benefits from the relationship. The other organism neither benefits nor is harmed. The organism that benefits is called the commensal while the other organism is called the host. Examples of commensal are epiphytes. Epiphytes are green plants which grow on other plants to obtain sunlight and for support. Examples of epiphytes are: (a) pigeon orchid (b) staghorn fern (c) birds nest fern (e) money plant
Clown Fish in Sea Anemone Clown fish have a commensalism relationship with sea anemones. The fish chases away the anemones would-be predators with its territorial behavior; and the anemone protects the fish with its stinging cells. The fish is protected from the cells poison by a thick mucous coat it secretes.
MUTUALISM
Mutualism
Relationship between two species of organisms which both benefit Example of mutualism Lichen( algae and fungus)
PARASITISM
Parasitism
Relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefit (parasite) and the other (the host) is harmed Ectoparasite are parasite that live on the surface of host body. Eg: ticks and fleas Endoparasite refer to internal parasites. Eg: tapeworm
Human Flea Fleas are common bloodsucking parasites. Having no wings, a flea cannot fly, but its flat body slips through the strands of its hosts hair or fur quite easily on its powerful legs. Only about 3 mm (0.125 in) long, the human flea, Pulex irritans, can jump as far as 33 cm (13 in). This strength has been harnessed for flea circuses, in which fleas perform trained stunts such as pulling small wagons. Fleas can be quite dangerous, however, because they can carry disease from one host to the next.
Tapeworm Tapeworms are parasitic worms that infest the intestinal lining and other organs of vertebrates. Tapeworms, having no mouth or digestive tract, are able to absorb partially digested material through their body surface.
SAPROPHYTISM
Saprophytism
Saprophytism is an interaction whereby an organism lives and feeds on decaying organic matter. Saprophytes refer to plants which obtain food from decayed organic matter. Examples of saprophytes are the various types of fungi such as mushrooms and bread mould. Saprozoites are microscopic animals that feed on decayed organic matter. Some examples are Paramecium sp. and Amoeba sp. which feed organic matter from dead organisms.
Prey-predator interaction This is an interaction between two population of organisms in which one organism, called the predator, hunts, captures and kills the other organism, called the prey, for food. The predator benefits because it obtains food. This interaction is a natural method to regulate the population size of the prey. The size of the prey is usually smaller than the predator but number of prey is always more than the predator.
Interaction Between Biotic Components in Relation to Competition Competition is the interaction between two organisms or two populations to obtain the common basic needs of life that are limited. In a competition, organisms which are strong will obtain their common basic needs to survive and hence win in the competition. The organisms which are weak will migrate to other areas or die. There are two types of competition: (a) intraspecific competition same species (b) interspecific competition- different speies
Interspesific competition
(a)
P. aurelia
(b)
P. aurelia
P. caudatum
P. caudatum
Day day
Classification of organisms
Organisms with same basic features are grouped together into a kingdom Kingdom is the largest unit of classification All organisms are grouped into five kingdoms
Kingdoms
Prokaryotae Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Prokaryote
Absences of a nucleus membrane
Cyanobacteria
Salmonella sp.
Protista
Most protists are unicellular Protists have nucleus membrane Some of them have simple structures
Fungi
Consists mushrooms, molds, fungus and truffles Absence of chlorophylls Reproduction by spores
Giant puffball
mucor
Sulfur mushroom
Agric mushroom
Plantae
Multicellular organisms Most plants have chlorophyll
Picther plant
fern
Animalia
Multicellular animals mobile
Ground squirrel
Robin
Penguins
Snail
Fishes
Taxonomic Hierarchy
The kingdom is split into smaller units called Phyla (singular : Phylum). Phyla are split into Classes, classes into Order, order into Families, families into Genera (singular : Genus) Genera are split into the smallest units called Species
Taxonomic group Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Common name
Plant example Plant Tracheophyta Angiospermae Ranales Ranunculaceae Ranunculus acris Meadow buttercup Animal Annelida
Animal example Animal Chordate Mammalia Primates hominidae Homo sapiens human
microorganisms
Types of Microorganisms
Protozoa aquatic unicellular animal can be seen under a microscope at low power has nucleus, cytoplasm and is surrounded by a plasma membrane takes in food (feeding), removes excretory products and reproduces reproduces sexually and asexaully lives freely in the river, pond, fresh water, soil or on another organism. Some live as parasites heterotrophs examples: Amoeba sp., Paramecium sp., Plasmodium sp. (parasite) kingdom; Protista
Fungi unicellular plant (yeast) or multicellular plant (mushroom and Mucor sp can be seen under a microscope at low power or with a magnifying glass a plants without chlorophyI Reproduces by budding (yeast) and formation of spores (mushroom and Mucor sp.) lives as saprophytes and parasites heterotrophs examples: Yeast, Mucor sp. (bread mould), mushroom Kingdom: Fungi
Algae exists as unicellular, in a colony and in filaments (multicellular) lives in the sea, pond, river, paddy field, tree stem, damp soil the most simple green plants contains chlorophyll autotrophs carries out aerobic respiration reproduces asexualIy and sexually examples: Phytoplankton (Chlamydomonas sp.)pleurococcus sp. Spirogyra sp. Kingdom: Protista
Bacteria unicellular microorganism can be seen under a microscope at high power has a cell wall genetic material scattered in the cytoplasm because there is no nuclear membran reproduces asexualy by binary fision forms spores when conditions are not suitable able examples: Lactobacillus sp., StaphyIococcus sp. Kingdom: Monera
Virus microscopic microorganism can only be seen under an electron microscope consists of nucleic acid that is ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has a layer of protein for protection has no cytoplasm, nucleus or plasma membrane Exits as crystals outside host cells, no signs of life can only reproduce when in living cells of hosts exists in various forms all are parasites examples: Bacteriophage, tobacco mosaic virus influenza virus Kingdom: Viruses cannot be placed in any kingdom because they have their own characteristics, without showing any characteristics of living things
Appreciating Biodiversity
We should appreciate and take good care of the biodiversity that exists on Earth for the following reasons: (a) Biodiversity is a natural resource that is most importance to the economy of a country. (i) Plants and animals from various types of species provide a large variety of food source and uses to humans. (ii) Certain species of plants and animals have medicinal values to humans. (iii) Various insects and animals are pollinating agents that are needed to increase the yield of agriculture products.
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