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Reflex is the basic functional element of the nervous system A reflex action, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous, constant movement in response to a stimulus, mediated via the reflex arc
Component
Description The receptor end of a dendrite or a specialized receptor cell in a sensory organ Dendrite, cell body, and axon of a sensory (afferent) neuron Dendrite, cell body, and axon of a neuron within the brain or spinal cord Dendrite, cell body, and axon of a motor (efferent) neuron A muscle or gland outside the nervous system
Function
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Transmits nerve impulse from the receptor to the brain or spinal cord
Interneuron
Serves as processing center; conducts nerve impulse from the sensory neuron to a motor neuron
Motor neuron
Effector
Responds to simulation by the motor neuron and produces the reflex behavioral action.
Excitatory synapse
Synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell. if the total of excitatory influences exceeds that of the inhibitory influences, the neuron will generate a new action potential at its axon hillock This phenomenon is known as an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
NEUROTRANSMITERS
EXCITATORY 1. DOPAMINE 2. NOREPINEPHRINE 3. EPINEPHRINE 4. SEROTONIN
Inhibitory synapsis
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential An electrical current is generated which changes the postsynaptic membrane potential to create a more negative postsynaptic potential
NEURO TRANSMITTERS
INHIBITORY 1. GLYCINE 2. GLUTAMINE 3. GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA)
Muscle contraction
Muscle spindle
Reflex
Monosynaptic Polysynaptic
Monosynaptic reflex
the simplest type of reflex consists of only two nerve cells (neurons) afferent (sensory, centripetal) neuron leads excitation through a single synapse to efferent (motor, centrifugal) neuron.
Polysynaptic reflex
In the reflex arc there is connected at least one additional neuron (interneuron)
Grade - Description
0 Absent 1+ or +Diminished 2+ or ++"Normal 3+ or +++Hyperactive without clonus 4+ or ++++Hyperactive with clonus